Historical Developments And Social Changes Essay - 1295 Words

Given the fact that political theories must continually respond to historical developments and social changes, no significant political tradition worthy of its name can afford to remain in the state of stasis. The postmodern turn, which has been underway since the 1960s, has turned out to be a particularly significant challenge to established political traditions of the 20th century. In particular, such prominent theoretical frameworks as liberalism, positivism, and Marxism had to confront the postmodern challenge in a distinct manner and with varying degree of success. According to Gà ¸sta Esping-Andersen, the crucial issue facing contemporary political theorists is the status of the welfare state in the postmodern era. Indeed, the political debates of the 20th century concern the welfare state’s potential to transform the capitalist society (Esping-Andersen 93). In this respect, the idea of welfare state undoubtedly lies at the heart of 20th-century political debates considering the fact that this very term invokes the complex relationship between the state and market economy. Considering the gradual dissolution of the welfare state in the postmodern era, the problematic relationship between welfare and capitalism remains central to theoretical frameworks grappling to come to terms with the postmodern turn. Out of the three theoretical frameworks in question, liberalism was and is still is particularly invested in the idea of the welfare state.Indeed, it is with regard toShow MoreRelatedContemporary Social Theory And Functionalist Approach1457 Words   |  6 Pagespreference over other in contemporary social theory these themes consist of relationship between society and self, nature of social life, possibility, and role of social transformation, structure of social institutions and themes such as class, gender, and race. 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Marxist methodology originally used economic and sociopolitical inquiry to analyze and critique the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change. According to Marxist analysis, class conflict within capitalism arises due to intensifying contradictions between highly

Examining Conflict Resolution On Historical Re Enactment

Examining Conflict Resolution In Historical Re-enactment The Society for Creative Anachronism is an international historical society committed to the study and recreation of arts and skills of pre-17th-century Europe. The Society is a non-profit educational organization based in Milpitas, CA, with affiliate organizations in Europe, New Zealand, and Australia as well as the United States. With over 30,000 members, a strong conflict resolution plan is necessary, especially since it is a volunteer run and operated organization built on the premise of courtesy, honor and chivalry. According to the Society’s Code of Conduct, The expectation that participants shall treat each other with respect and civility extends beyond SCA gatherings.†¦show more content†¦These peers fall into three separate orders; the Order of Chivalry for fighters, the Order of the Laurel for craftsmen and artisans, and the Order of the Pelican for those who organize and make sure things run smoothly. These peers take associates, or students in order to form a formal relationship with the peer, usually this occurs with an exchange of fealty. This fealty relationship involves some kind of contract, devised and agreed on by the two concerned parties. Basically this consists of the associate agreeing to take on whatever task is set before him or her, and the peer pledging mentoring, sharing of knowledge and skills, and welcoming that associate as one of his or her family. â€Å"‘ In coaching, you’re following the trail of dreams. When you see little sparks of interest, excitement or increased energy, that’s where to go,† says psychologist Carol Kauffman, PhD, director of the Institute of Coaching, a nonprofit organization at Harvard Medical School’s McLean Hospital dedicated to enhancing the scientific foundation and credibility of coaching.† (DeAngelis, T.,2010, November 1). Interpersonal Conflict Resolution Interpersonal conflict is an inevitable part of our lives in all aspects of our lives. However, many people avoid it altogether or otherwise handle it in ways that are counterproductive for themselves and others. Effectively dealing with conflict goes a long way in determining success especially when it can have a

Alexander The Great Essay Introduction Example For Students

Alexander The Great Essay Introduction Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. Even at an early age, Alexander had the promise to become a great leader. Through all his victories and conquests, he has become a great hero and has had a large impact on history. That is why I chose he book Alexander the Great, by J.R. Hamilton for my review. Hamilton does a very good job with the story of Alexander the Great. The book begins by talking about the Macedonian homeland and the make up of the people, their culture. Alexander was born in 356 BC in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia he was the son of Philip II, king of Macedonia, and of Olympias, a princess of Epirus. After discussing his parents and their relationship, Hamilton talks about how Aristotle was Alexanders tutor from age 13 to 16 and stimulated his interest in science, medicine, and philosophy. The book then talks about how well prepared Alexander was to take over the throne. Then, in the summer of 336 BC Philip was assassinated, and Alexander took over the Macedonian throne.Hamilton does a very good and descriptive job of how Alexander soon showed his power when the large city of Thebes revolted in 335. Alexander stormed the city with mighty force and took 30,000 people as slaves. An important point the book discussesnext is when Alexander begins his attempt to conqueor Persia. Alexander believed he could never be the dominant force in his area as long as the Persian ruler Darius was still alive. After being defeated the first time Alexander tried again in 332 and finally took Persia. Darius survived and fled to the mountains, but was killed by one of his own. With Darius dead, Alexander was crowned King of Persia and became known as the king of all Asia. After Alexanders taking over of Persia, Hamilton begins talking about Alexanders next conquests. First, Babylon surrendered after Gaugamela, and the city of Susa with its enormous treasures was soon conquered. Then, in midwinter, Alexander forced his way to Persepolis, the Persian capital. After plundering the royal treasuries and taking anything worthwhile, he burned the city during a drunken binge and thus completed the destruction of the ancient Persian Empire. This demonstrated how ruthless and cruel of a person he could be. Another thing that showed this is when was on a drinking binge and in a fury he killed his own friend. Hamilton now talks about how far and long it took Alexander to get to where he was. Alezxanders domain now extended along and beyond the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, including modern Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and northward into Bactria and Sogdiana, the modern Western Turkistan, also known as Central Asia. It had taken Alexander only three years, from the spring of 330 BC to the spring of 327 BC, to take over such a large area. Hamilton then talks about how Alexander still wished to take over the complete Persian empire, so he crossed the Indus River in 326 BC. There he invaded the Punjab as far as the river Hyphasis, at this point the Macedonians rebelled and refused to go farther. He then constructed a fleet and passed down the Indus, reaching its mouth in September 325 BC. The fleet then sailed to the Persian Gulf. With his army, he returned overland across the desert to Media. Shortages of food and water caused severe losses and hardship among his troops. The book also talks about how Alexander would name cities as he went along after himself. Alexander then spent about a year organizing his dominions and completing a survey of the Persian Gulf in preparation for further conquests. He arrived in Babylon in the spring of 323 BC. .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .postImageUrl , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:hover , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:visited , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:active { border:0!important; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:active , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cryogenics: Is It Worth Waiting For Essay In June he contracted a fever and died. He left his empire, in his own words, to the strongest; this uncertain testament resulted in huge conflicts for half a century. Hamilton believes that this could have possible been Alexanders greatest mistake, because his empire then falls apart. Though all of his conquest Hamilton talks about how well, if

Mcdonalds Hbs Case Review free essay sample

* What is McDonald’s key value proposition? * McDonald’s key value propositions are listed below. These propositions helped McDonald’s to build an unparalleled network of loyal suppliers and entrepreneurial franchisees that contributed greatly in moving the McDonald’s bandwagon ahead. The propositions not only differentiated McDonald’s from the competition but also helped build an operating model that was extremely difficult to emulate. The key value propositions are: * Quick service tasty inexpensive food Standardization of preparation methods with exact product specification using customized equipment * Consistently high quality and uniformity across all outlets. * A unique operating system * A special set of relationship between the McDonald’s corporation, its suppliers and its franchisees often described as a three-legged stool. The stool is only as strong as the three legs and thus each supported the weight of McDonald’ s equally. Restaurant’s service is measured in terms of three categories QSC (Quality, Service Cleanliness), imparting ‘V’ for Value. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds Hbs Case Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Corporate-level strategy can be defined as centralized decisions making process which are uniformly deployed at the franchisee level across the globe. * Innovation at franchise level was centralized, standardized and put across all the outlets. * Determine the key elements of Operation Strategy of McDonald’s? The key elements of the operations strategy implemented by McDonald’s were: * Revolutionizing the entire supply chain, introducing innovation in product process * Standardizing operating procedure in the form of Operating Manual detailing exact cooking times, proper temperature settings precise portions for all food items * Improving the product * The Three-Legged stool * McDonald’s followed a philosophy that is often referred to as the Three-Legged Stool. One of the legs is McDonald’s, a second leg is our franchisee partners and the third leg is our supplier partners. The stool is only as strong as the three legs. * Developing outstanding supplier’s relationship, caring about supplier’s operation being sensitive about their profit margins and thereby earning supplier loyalty was what formed one of the other two tools in the McDonald’s stool! This way, the growth profit of the suppliers was inexorably tied with McDonald’s. * McDonald’s seeked hands-on franchisees – active, on-premise owners prepared to work full-time running their McDonald’s operation – not just investors. The franchisee/company relationship stresses personal commitment to the business and emphasizes people, community commitment, financial management and a sharing of goals, principles and ideals. * Improving efficient equipment tailored to restaurant’s need * Training monitoring franchisees * Initially restricted menu sizes. * Constant evaluation assistance of restaurants * McDonald’s consistently studied every component of its operation, experimented revised its best operation methods revised and practice again again. What are the challenges McDonald’s faced in the 1990s? * McDonald’s faced numerous challenges in the 1990’s from competitors that specialised in proving speed and service to those that offered greater variety band those that featured discounted menus. The major challenges that McDonald’s faced were: * Change requirement in Operating strategy: The most perplexing question vexing top management was the extent to which McDonald’s operating strategy was to be changed to accommodate the growing need for flexibility variety in products. Managing volume: In the US alone, McDonald’s is serving over 20 million customers every day. Management of quality service to so many people as well as attracting more business becomes a formidable challenges in a huge dimension, especially in the wake of competitors who have a lot on offer. * Slow Rate of growth: McDonald’s had an average annual return on equity of 25. 2% from 1965 to 1991 and an average annual earnings growth of 24. 1%. But sales per unit had slowed between 1990 1991 causing management to question the company’s famed operating system’s suitability in the new changing circumstances. Change in demographic, ethnic, religious composition of society: In the 1990’s, US was no longer what it once was, a white dominated country. The metamorphosis to a multiethnic, multireligious society distinct change in demographic pattern of more aging population is posing fundamental challenges in America’s eating habits thus adding extra difficulty to already stretching limits of Operating Complexity. The shrinking size of Hamburger consumption from 19% to 17% indicated this trend. * Consumer Consciousness: Consumer consciousness increased considerably in terms of nutrition dietary opinions without compromising on taste. McDonald’s shrinking share: McDonald’s share of US quick service market has dropped from 18. 7% in 1985 to 16. 6% in 1991, even though the company gained sales from a bigger quick service pie. Despite this between 1988 1990 sales per US outlet dropped an average of 3. 7% in real dollars. After years of double digit income growth, McDonald’s 1991 net US income grew just 7. 2% to $860 million. * Overseas profit surpassing US profit: Overseas business showing greatest sign of growth in recent years with operating income rising from $290 million to 1 987 to $678 million in 1991. But US business which accounted for 60% of profit simply had to be bolstered. * Challenges galore in all segments of its competitive advantage :- From chains specializing in speed services ,chains offering more variety to those offering deeply discounted menus ,drive through service ,restaurant serving typical ethnic variety, family sized restaurant where patrons sat down to be served, wider variety of food items but prices remained competitive with McDonald’s , casual dining restaurant -McDonald’s is facing endless challenges from all front of its competitive advantage. How does McDonald’s operation strategy address the challenges faced by them in the 1990’s? * In 1990’s, to counter the growing challenges faced by them, McDonald’s were in the process of implementing the following operations strategies: * Core Competence: McDonald’s drew on its traditional strengths of careful product development closely gauged to customerâ€⠄¢s tastes, to respond to competitors’ challenges customer’s new habits. * Healthy nutritious food: McDonald’s introduced salads, chicken muffins to address concerns about nutrition. Besides this, it developed 91% fat free burger McLean Deluxe in conjunction with Keystone Auburn University. * Precooked Seasoned Food items: Keystone also convinced McDonald’s to experiment with chicken fajitas which proved an instant success in initial tests. The chicken arrived precooked seasoned so it only required heating and did not slow operations. The fajitas sold well in market. * New venues for restaurants: To keep pace with the number of meals eaten off the premises of quick-service restaurants, McDonald’s opened up double-drive windows, as well as restaurants in schools, museums, airports and hospitals. It also developed new smaller restaurants that were less expensive than its traditional designs. * Meticulous product and process development:- McDonald’s has actively pursued the adoption of advanced process technologies and product developments in its preparations like introducing a special French fries scoop or a new grill capable on cooking ham on both sides. Continuing with same in 1990’s it introduced a new pizza that could be cooked within five minutes. McDonald’s was also developing new high tech staging equipments that would further increase speed by preparing part of products ahead of time. Price cuts: In response to competitors like Taco Bell McDonald’s returned back to value menu and cut the prices by 20% on average. As a result of this price cut the sale of hamburgers increased by 30% and also resulted in an increase in customer count. But due to the reduced prices revenues and profits did not increased much. * â€Å"What You Want Is What Yo u Get at McDonald’s Today†: McDonald’s is now more concerned with meeting changing customer requirements than sticking to its core strategy of sticking to limited offerings. New Building Prototypes: McDonald’s has developed a number of new building prototypes, like drive through models, small cafes suitable for small towns to compete with competitors. * Menu Diversification: McDonald’s did a lot of experimentation testing a wide range of items like lasagne, carrot, sticks and fruit cups. McDonald’s was always concerned with nutritional issues like calcium deficiency and fat reduction. * Dinner menu with complete service: Only 20% of total sales of McDonald’s were coming from dinner and McDonald’s eyed this casual dining opportunity as the next growth factor.

Alice Walker Question Essays - Alice Walker, Booby Trap, Free Essays

Alice Walker Question Essays - Alice Walker, Booby Trap, Free Essays Alice Walker Question The selection from Alice Walker deals with the coming of civil rights and the different attitudes of the old and coming generations. Walker portrays the mother figure as supportive and tough; she fills both the masculine and feminine rolls, "With fists as well as / Hands." Images to emphasize the descriptions take up their own lines within the poem "Step," "Hands," "Doors," "Shirts," "Armies," "Fields," "Ditches," "Desks," and ending with "Themselves." This combination of domestic and military objects emphasizes the women's self reliance and perseverance. The military focus emphasizes their struggle through a stereo-typically male role while the domestic objects recall the expected housewifery of the period which one would expect. The hands that both iron and break down doors unify the two themes as being different parts of the same people. The theme of the American Dream echoes here; every parent wants their child to see a future better than their past, "A place for us / How they knew what we / Must know / Without knowing a page / Of it / Themselves." The speaker sees her mother as being supportive regarding that which she is unfamiliar with, "Without knowing a page" in the interest of furthering her offspring's chances of success in the world. The poem is unrhymed and utilizes imagery "fists," "battered down / Doors," "Across mined / Fields / Booby-trapped / Ditches / To discover books" of a war to express the difficulties with making progress in an oppressive society. The fact that the poem exists is a self-supportive testament to the ideals it portrays. Morgan Glines March 3 1997 AP English

Biography of Mary McLeod Bethune, Civil Rights Activist

Biography of Mary McLeod Bethune, Civil Rights Activist Mary McLeod Bethune (born  Mary Jane McLeod; July 10, 1875–May 18, 1955) was a trailblazing African-American educator and civil rights leader. Bethune, who strongly believed that education was the key to equal rights, founded the groundbreaking Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute (now known as the Bethune-Cookman College) in 1904. She also opened a hospital, served as CEO of a company, advised four U.S. presidents, and was chosen to attend the founding convention of the United Nations. Fast Facts: Mary McLeod Bethune Known For: Bethune was an educator and activist who fought to improve the lives of African-Americans.Also Known As: Mary Jane McLeodBorn: July 10, 1875 in Mayesville, South CarolinaParents: Sam and Patsy McLeodDied: May 18, 1955 in Daytona Beach, FloridaSpouse: Albertus Bethune (m. 1898–1918)Children: Albert Early Life Mary Jane McLeod was born on July 10, 1875, in rural Mayesville, South Carolina. Unlike her parents, Samuel and Patsy McLeod, Mary, who was the 15th of 17 children, was born free. For many years after the end of slavery, Marys family continued to work as sharecroppers on the plantation of former master William McLeod until they could afford to build a farm. Eventually, the family had enough money to erect a log cabin on a small plot of farmland they called Homestead. Despite their freedom, Patsy still did laundry for her former owner and Mary often accompanied her mother to deliver the wash. Mary loved going because she was allowed to play with the toys of the owners grandchildren. On one particular visit, Mary picked up a book- only to have it ripped from her hands by a white child, who screamed that Mary wasnt supposed to read. Later in life, Mary said that this experience had inspired her to learn to read and write. Early Education At a young age, Mary was working up to 10 hours a day, often in the fields picking cotton. When she was 7, a black Presbyterian missionary named Emma Wilson visited Homestead. She asked Samuel and Patsy if their children could attend the school she was establishing. The parents could afford to send only one child, and Mary was chosen to become the first member of her family to attend school. This opportunity would change Mary’s life. Eager to learn, Mary walked 10 miles a day to attend the one-room Trinity Mission School. If there was time after chores, Mary taught her family whatever she had learned that day. Mary studied at the mission school for four years and graduated at the age of 11. With her studies completed and no means to further her education, Mary returned to her familys farm to work in the cotton fields. A Golden Opportunity Still working a year after graduation, Mary fretted about missing additional educational opportunities- a dream that now seemed hopeless. Ever since the McLeod familys only mule had died, forcing Marys father to mortgage Homestead to buy another mule, money in the McLeod household had been even scarcer than before. Luckily for Mary, a Quaker teacher in Denver, Colorado, named Mary Chrisman had read about the blacks-only Mayesville school. As a sponsor of the Northern Presbyterian Churchs project to educate former slave children, Chrisman offered to pay tuition for one student to receive a higher education- and Mary was chosen. In 1888, 13-year-old Mary traveled to Concord, North Carolina, to attend the Scotia Seminary for Negro Girls. When she arrived at Scotia, Mary stepped into a world very different from her Southern upbringing, with white teachers sitting, talking, and eating with black teachers. At Scotia, Mary learned that through cooperation, whites and blacks could live in harmony. Studies Study of the Bible, American history, literature, Greek, and Latin filled Marys days. In 1890, the 15-year-old completed the Normal and Scientific Course, which certified her to teach. However, the course was the equivalent of todays associates degree, and Mary wanted more education. She continued her studies at the Scotia Seminary. Lacking money to travel home during summer vacations, the principal of Scotia found her jobs as a domestic with white families for which she earned a little money to send back to her parents. Mary graduated from Scotia Seminary in July 1894, but her parents, unable to get enough money together for a trip, did not attend the graduation. Shortly after graduation, Mary boarded a train in July 1894 with a scholarship to the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, Illinois, again thanks to Mary Chrisman. Mary took courses that would help her qualify for missionary work in Africa. She also worked in Chicagos slums, feeding the hungry, assisting the homeless, and visiting prisons. Mary graduated from Moody in 1895 and immediately went to New York to meet with the Presbyterian Churchs mission board. The 19-year-old was devastated when she was told â€Å"coloreds† could not qualify as African missionaries. Becoming a Teacher With no options, Mary went home to Mayesville and worked as an assistant to her old teacher, Emma Wilson. In 1896, Mary moved to Augusta, Georgia, for an eighth-grade teaching job at the Haines Normal and Industrial Institute. The school was located in an impoverished area, and Mary came to realize that her missionary work was most needed in America, not Africa. She began to seriously consider founding her own school. In 1898, the Presbyterian board sent Mary to Sumter, Carolinas Kindell Institute. A gifted singer, Mary joined the choir of the local Presbyterian church and met teacher Albertus Bethune at a rehearsal. The two started courting and in May 1898, 23-year-old Mary married Albertus and moved to Savannah, Georgia. Mary and her husband found teaching positions, but she stopped teaching when she became pregnant, and he began selling menswear. Mary gave birth to son Albertus McLeod Bethune, Jr. in February 1899. Later that year, a Presbyterian minister convinced Mary to accept a mission-school teaching position in Palatka, Florida. The family lived there  for five years, and Mary began selling insurance policies for Afro-American Life. (In 1923, Mary founded Tampas Central Life Insurance, becoming the companys CEO in 1952.) Plans were announced in 1904 to build a railroad in northern Florida. Aside from the project creating jobs, Mary saw an opportunity to open a school for migrant families- envisioning funds coming from the wealthy of Daytona Beach. Mary and her family headed to Daytona and rented a run-down cottage for $11 a month. But the Bethunes had arrived in a city where blacks were lynched every week. Their new home was in the poorest neighborhood, but it was here that Mary wanted to establish her school for black girls. Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute On October 4, 1904, 29-year-old Mary McLeod Bethune opened the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute with only $1.50 and five 8- to 12-year-old girls, and her son. Each child paid 50 cents a week for a uniform and to receive rigorous training in religion, business, academics, and industrial skills. Bethune often lectured to raise funds for her school and recruit students, emphasizing education to achieve self-sufficiency. But Jim Crow was law and the KKK was again raging. Lynching was common. Bethune received a visit from the Klan over the formation of her school. Tall and hefty, Bethune stood resolutely in the doorway, and the Klan left without causing harm. Many black women were impressed once they heard Bethune speak about the importance of education; they too wanted to learn. To teach adults, Bethune provided evening classes, and by 1906, Bethunes school boasted a 250-student enrollment. She bought the adjacent building to accommodate expansion. However, Mary McLeod Bethunes husband Albertus never shared her vision for the school. The two could not reconcile on this point, and Albertus left the family in 1907 to return to South Carolina, where he died in 1919 of tuberculosis. School Growth Bethunes goal was to create a top-rated school where students would acquire the requisite needed to succeed in life. She provided agricultural training so that students would learn how to grow and sell their own food. Accepting everyone who wanted education caused major overcrowding; however, Bethune was determined to keep her school afloat. She purchased more property from a dumpsites owner for $250, paying $5 a month. Students hauled junk away from the place they named Hells Hole. Bethune also swallowed her pride and decided to solicit aid from rich whites. Her tenacity paid off when James Gamble (of Proctor and Gamble) paid to build a brick schoolhouse. In October 1907, Mary moved her school to the four-story building she named Faith Hall. People were often moved to give due to Bethunes powerful speaking and passion for black education. For example, the owner of White Sewing Machines made a large donation to build a new hall and included Bethune in his will. In 1909, Bethune went to New York and was introduced to Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and Guggenheim. Rockefeller created a scholarship program for Mary through his foundation. Angry at the absence of healthcare for blacks in Daytona, Bethune built her own 20-bed hospital on campus. The consummate fundraiser hosted a bazaar, raising $5,000. Famed industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie donated. With this support, Bethune focused on acquiring accreditation as a college. Her proposal was rejected by the all-white board, who believed an elementary education was sufficient for blacks. Bethune again sought the help of powerful allies, and in 1913 the board approved junior-college accreditation. Merger Bethune maintained her Head, Hands, and Heart teaching philosophy and the overcrowded school kept growing. To expand, the 45-year-old Bethune hopped on her bike, going door-to-door soliciting contributions and selling sweet potato pies. However, the 20-acre campus still struggled financially, and in 1923 Bethune decided to merge the school with the Cookman Institute for Men in Jacksonville, Florida, which doubled student enrollment to 600. The school became the Bethune-Cookman College in 1929, and Bethune served until 1942 as the first black female college president. Women’s Rights Bethune believed that raising the status of African-American women was key to elevating the race; thus, beginning in 1917, she formed clubs championing the causes of black women. The Florida Federation of Colored Women and the Southeastern Federal of Colored Women addressed important topics of the era. A constitutional amendment granted black women voting rights in 1920, and an overjoyed Bethune got busy organizing a voter registration drive. This roused the ire of Klansmen, who threatened her with violence. Bethune urged calmness and courage, leading the women in exercising their hard-won privilege. In 1924, Bethune defeated Ida B. Wells, with whom she had a contentious relationship over teaching methods, to become president of the 10,000-strong National Association of Colored Women (NACW). Bethune traveled often, singing and speaking to raise money, not only for her college but also to move the NACW’s headquarters to Washington, D.C. In 1935, Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). The organization sought to address discrimination, thereby improving every facet of African-American life. Advisor to Presidents Bethune’s successes did not go unnoticed. After she returned to her school in October 1927 from a European vacation, she attended a brunch at the home of New York governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This began a lifelong friendship between Bethune and the governors wife Eleanor. A year later, it was U.S. President Calvin Coolidge who wanted Bethune’s advice. Later, Herbert Hoover sought Bethunes thoughts on racial affairs and appointed her to various committees. In October 1929, Americas stock market crashed, and black men were the first to be fired. Black women became primary breadwinners, working in jobs of servitude. The Great Depression increased racial hostility, but Bethune ignored established mores by frequently speaking out. Her outspokenness caused journalist Ida Tarbell to deem her one of Americas most influential women in 1930. When Franklin Roosevelt became president, he created several programs for blacks and appointed Bethune as his advisor of minority affairs. In June 1936, Bethune became the first black woman to head a federal office as director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Association (NYA). In 1942, Bethune assisted the war secretary during World War II in creating the Womens Army Corps (WAC), lobbying for black women military officers. From 1935 to 1944, Bethune advocated passionately for African-Americans to receive equal consideration under the New Deal. Bethune also assembled a black think tank for weekly strategy meetings at her home. On October 24, 1945, President Harry Truman chose Bethune to attend the United Nations founding convention. Bethune was the only black female delegate, and the event was the highlight of her life. Death Failing health forced Bethune into retirement from government service. She went home, maintaining only certain club affiliations, and wrote books and articles. Knowing death was near, Mary penned My Last Will and Testament, in which she summed up her lifes achievements. The will read, I leave you love. I leave you hope. I leave you a thirst for education. I leave you racial dignity, a desire to live harmoniously- and a responsibility to our young people. On May 18, 1955, 79-year-old Mary McLeod Bethune died of a heart attack and was buried on the grounds of her beloved school. A simple marker reads, Mother. Legacy Against all odds, Bethune greatly improved the lives of African-Americans through education, political involvement, and economic enablement. In 1974, a sculpture of Bethune teaching children was erected in Washington D.C.s Lincoln Park, making her the first African-American to receive such an honor. The United States Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating Bethune in 1985. Today, her legacy lives on through the college that bears her name. Sources Bethune, Mary McLeod, et al.  Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World: Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press, 2001.Kelley, Samuel L.  Faith, Hope and Charity: Mary McLeod Bethune. Xlibris Corporation, 2014.

Singapore airline Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Singapore airline - Literature review Example Singapore Airlines holds the honour of operating as the national airlines of Singapore. The airlines company operates from one of the main stations located in the Changi airbase of Singapore. From its central airbase the airlines company conducts its flights along several regions of the world pertaining to both Asiatic and other foreign nations. The Asiatic nations comprise of both South East Asian and other East and South Asian countries while the foreign flights consist of moving over to Australian and American regions. In terms of market capitalization the Airlines Company occupies the largest market share in the international domain. However in regards to Asian countries Singapore Airlines ranks eleventh. The Singapore Airlines had its birth during 1947 under the name of Malayan Airlines. It took the name of Singapore Airlines during 1972 and gradually started occupying the flying space in the Asian skies. By the end of 2010 the company grew to possess around 108 airplanes to ren der services on an expanded sphere. The company now also possess a subsidiary unit known as SilkAir and also helps the regular passengers avail offers and discounts. This policy of the flying company has helped it to gain a large number of consumers on a worldwide basis.According to a report published by Datamonitor (2010), Singapore Airlines operating in the international markets works on some key strengths and also suffers from certain weaknesses in the light of external opportunities and threats. Singapore Airline’s key strengths occupy its operation based on a diversified marketing base which helps the company to counter the potency of business risks. Further Singapore Airlines operates based on highly productive airplanes which helps the company to render enhanced services to the consumers. The company has also a large number of productive workforce which helps in enhancing the revenue and profitability position of the concern. The company also works on a diversified ser vice and product portfolio which helps it to minimise the chances of business risks. Internal strengths of the company helped it to gain a huge chunk of revenue of around $15,996.3 million. However in regards to other airline companies like All Nippon Airways and Air France the number of flight resources which Singapore Airlines possess is found to be quite low. Due to the low number of flight resources Singapore Airlines fails to gain large number of passengers as compared to the other competitors. Significant opportunities which are emerging in the external market consist of growth in the number of airline passengers for expansion of tourism activities and also in the use of flights for