Historical Developments And Social Changes Essay - 1295 Words

Given the fact that political theories must continually respond to historical developments and social changes, no significant political tradition worthy of its name can afford to remain in the state of stasis. The postmodern turn, which has been underway since the 1960s, has turned out to be a particularly significant challenge to established political traditions of the 20th century. In particular, such prominent theoretical frameworks as liberalism, positivism, and Marxism had to confront the postmodern challenge in a distinct manner and with varying degree of success. According to Gà ¸sta Esping-Andersen, the crucial issue facing contemporary political theorists is the status of the welfare state in the postmodern era. Indeed, the political debates of the 20th century concern the welfare state’s potential to transform the capitalist society (Esping-Andersen 93). In this respect, the idea of welfare state undoubtedly lies at the heart of 20th-century political debates considering the fact that this very term invokes the complex relationship between the state and market economy. Considering the gradual dissolution of the welfare state in the postmodern era, the problematic relationship between welfare and capitalism remains central to theoretical frameworks grappling to come to terms with the postmodern turn. Out of the three theoretical frameworks in question, liberalism was and is still is particularly invested in the idea of the welfare state.Indeed, it is with regard toShow MoreRelatedContemporary Social Theory And Functionalist Approach1457 Words   |  6 Pagespreference over other in contemporary social theory these themes consist of relationship between society and self, nature of social life, possibility, and role of social transformation, structure of social institutions and themes such as class, gender, and race. 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Marxist methodology originally used economic and sociopolitical inquiry to analyze and critique the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change. According to Marxist analysis, class conflict within capitalism arises due to intensifying contradictions between highly

Examining Conflict Resolution On Historical Re Enactment

Examining Conflict Resolution In Historical Re-enactment The Society for Creative Anachronism is an international historical society committed to the study and recreation of arts and skills of pre-17th-century Europe. The Society is a non-profit educational organization based in Milpitas, CA, with affiliate organizations in Europe, New Zealand, and Australia as well as the United States. With over 30,000 members, a strong conflict resolution plan is necessary, especially since it is a volunteer run and operated organization built on the premise of courtesy, honor and chivalry. According to the Society’s Code of Conduct, The expectation that participants shall treat each other with respect and civility extends beyond SCA gatherings.†¦show more content†¦These peers fall into three separate orders; the Order of Chivalry for fighters, the Order of the Laurel for craftsmen and artisans, and the Order of the Pelican for those who organize and make sure things run smoothly. These peers take associates, or students in order to form a formal relationship with the peer, usually this occurs with an exchange of fealty. This fealty relationship involves some kind of contract, devised and agreed on by the two concerned parties. Basically this consists of the associate agreeing to take on whatever task is set before him or her, and the peer pledging mentoring, sharing of knowledge and skills, and welcoming that associate as one of his or her family. â€Å"‘ In coaching, you’re following the trail of dreams. When you see little sparks of interest, excitement or increased energy, that’s where to go,† says psychologist Carol Kauffman, PhD, director of the Institute of Coaching, a nonprofit organization at Harvard Medical School’s McLean Hospital dedicated to enhancing the scientific foundation and credibility of coaching.† (DeAngelis, T.,2010, November 1). Interpersonal Conflict Resolution Interpersonal conflict is an inevitable part of our lives in all aspects of our lives. However, many people avoid it altogether or otherwise handle it in ways that are counterproductive for themselves and others. Effectively dealing with conflict goes a long way in determining success especially when it can have a

Alexander The Great Essay Introduction Example For Students

Alexander The Great Essay Introduction Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. Even at an early age, Alexander had the promise to become a great leader. Through all his victories and conquests, he has become a great hero and has had a large impact on history. That is why I chose he book Alexander the Great, by J.R. Hamilton for my review. Hamilton does a very good job with the story of Alexander the Great. The book begins by talking about the Macedonian homeland and the make up of the people, their culture. Alexander was born in 356 BC in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia he was the son of Philip II, king of Macedonia, and of Olympias, a princess of Epirus. After discussing his parents and their relationship, Hamilton talks about how Aristotle was Alexanders tutor from age 13 to 16 and stimulated his interest in science, medicine, and philosophy. The book then talks about how well prepared Alexander was to take over the throne. Then, in the summer of 336 BC Philip was assassinated, and Alexander took over the Macedonian throne.Hamilton does a very good and descriptive job of how Alexander soon showed his power when the large city of Thebes revolted in 335. Alexander stormed the city with mighty force and took 30,000 people as slaves. An important point the book discussesnext is when Alexander begins his attempt to conqueor Persia. Alexander believed he could never be the dominant force in his area as long as the Persian ruler Darius was still alive. After being defeated the first time Alexander tried again in 332 and finally took Persia. Darius survived and fled to the mountains, but was killed by one of his own. With Darius dead, Alexander was crowned King of Persia and became known as the king of all Asia. After Alexanders taking over of Persia, Hamilton begins talking about Alexanders next conquests. First, Babylon surrendered after Gaugamela, and the city of Susa with its enormous treasures was soon conquered. Then, in midwinter, Alexander forced his way to Persepolis, the Persian capital. After plundering the royal treasuries and taking anything worthwhile, he burned the city during a drunken binge and thus completed the destruction of the ancient Persian Empire. This demonstrated how ruthless and cruel of a person he could be. Another thing that showed this is when was on a drinking binge and in a fury he killed his own friend. Hamilton now talks about how far and long it took Alexander to get to where he was. Alezxanders domain now extended along and beyond the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, including modern Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and northward into Bactria and Sogdiana, the modern Western Turkistan, also known as Central Asia. It had taken Alexander only three years, from the spring of 330 BC to the spring of 327 BC, to take over such a large area. Hamilton then talks about how Alexander still wished to take over the complete Persian empire, so he crossed the Indus River in 326 BC. There he invaded the Punjab as far as the river Hyphasis, at this point the Macedonians rebelled and refused to go farther. He then constructed a fleet and passed down the Indus, reaching its mouth in September 325 BC. The fleet then sailed to the Persian Gulf. With his army, he returned overland across the desert to Media. Shortages of food and water caused severe losses and hardship among his troops. The book also talks about how Alexander would name cities as he went along after himself. Alexander then spent about a year organizing his dominions and completing a survey of the Persian Gulf in preparation for further conquests. He arrived in Babylon in the spring of 323 BC. .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .postImageUrl , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:hover , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:visited , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:active { border:0!important; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:active , .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5a1db2a3dade8d62297b49c2900428a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cryogenics: Is It Worth Waiting For Essay In June he contracted a fever and died. He left his empire, in his own words, to the strongest; this uncertain testament resulted in huge conflicts for half a century. Hamilton believes that this could have possible been Alexanders greatest mistake, because his empire then falls apart. Though all of his conquest Hamilton talks about how well, if

Mcdonalds Hbs Case Review free essay sample

* What is McDonald’s key value proposition? * McDonald’s key value propositions are listed below. These propositions helped McDonald’s to build an unparalleled network of loyal suppliers and entrepreneurial franchisees that contributed greatly in moving the McDonald’s bandwagon ahead. The propositions not only differentiated McDonald’s from the competition but also helped build an operating model that was extremely difficult to emulate. The key value propositions are: * Quick service tasty inexpensive food Standardization of preparation methods with exact product specification using customized equipment * Consistently high quality and uniformity across all outlets. * A unique operating system * A special set of relationship between the McDonald’s corporation, its suppliers and its franchisees often described as a three-legged stool. The stool is only as strong as the three legs and thus each supported the weight of McDonald’ s equally. Restaurant’s service is measured in terms of three categories QSC (Quality, Service Cleanliness), imparting ‘V’ for Value. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds Hbs Case Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Corporate-level strategy can be defined as centralized decisions making process which are uniformly deployed at the franchisee level across the globe. * Innovation at franchise level was centralized, standardized and put across all the outlets. * Determine the key elements of Operation Strategy of McDonald’s? The key elements of the operations strategy implemented by McDonald’s were: * Revolutionizing the entire supply chain, introducing innovation in product process * Standardizing operating procedure in the form of Operating Manual detailing exact cooking times, proper temperature settings precise portions for all food items * Improving the product * The Three-Legged stool * McDonald’s followed a philosophy that is often referred to as the Three-Legged Stool. One of the legs is McDonald’s, a second leg is our franchisee partners and the third leg is our supplier partners. The stool is only as strong as the three legs. * Developing outstanding supplier’s relationship, caring about supplier’s operation being sensitive about their profit margins and thereby earning supplier loyalty was what formed one of the other two tools in the McDonald’s stool! This way, the growth profit of the suppliers was inexorably tied with McDonald’s. * McDonald’s seeked hands-on franchisees – active, on-premise owners prepared to work full-time running their McDonald’s operation – not just investors. The franchisee/company relationship stresses personal commitment to the business and emphasizes people, community commitment, financial management and a sharing of goals, principles and ideals. * Improving efficient equipment tailored to restaurant’s need * Training monitoring franchisees * Initially restricted menu sizes. * Constant evaluation assistance of restaurants * McDonald’s consistently studied every component of its operation, experimented revised its best operation methods revised and practice again again. What are the challenges McDonald’s faced in the 1990s? * McDonald’s faced numerous challenges in the 1990’s from competitors that specialised in proving speed and service to those that offered greater variety band those that featured discounted menus. The major challenges that McDonald’s faced were: * Change requirement in Operating strategy: The most perplexing question vexing top management was the extent to which McDonald’s operating strategy was to be changed to accommodate the growing need for flexibility variety in products. Managing volume: In the US alone, McDonald’s is serving over 20 million customers every day. Management of quality service to so many people as well as attracting more business becomes a formidable challenges in a huge dimension, especially in the wake of competitors who have a lot on offer. * Slow Rate of growth: McDonald’s had an average annual return on equity of 25. 2% from 1965 to 1991 and an average annual earnings growth of 24. 1%. But sales per unit had slowed between 1990 1991 causing management to question the company’s famed operating system’s suitability in the new changing circumstances. Change in demographic, ethnic, religious composition of society: In the 1990’s, US was no longer what it once was, a white dominated country. The metamorphosis to a multiethnic, multireligious society distinct change in demographic pattern of more aging population is posing fundamental challenges in America’s eating habits thus adding extra difficulty to already stretching limits of Operating Complexity. The shrinking size of Hamburger consumption from 19% to 17% indicated this trend. * Consumer Consciousness: Consumer consciousness increased considerably in terms of nutrition dietary opinions without compromising on taste. McDonald’s shrinking share: McDonald’s share of US quick service market has dropped from 18. 7% in 1985 to 16. 6% in 1991, even though the company gained sales from a bigger quick service pie. Despite this between 1988 1990 sales per US outlet dropped an average of 3. 7% in real dollars. After years of double digit income growth, McDonald’s 1991 net US income grew just 7. 2% to $860 million. * Overseas profit surpassing US profit: Overseas business showing greatest sign of growth in recent years with operating income rising from $290 million to 1 987 to $678 million in 1991. But US business which accounted for 60% of profit simply had to be bolstered. * Challenges galore in all segments of its competitive advantage :- From chains specializing in speed services ,chains offering more variety to those offering deeply discounted menus ,drive through service ,restaurant serving typical ethnic variety, family sized restaurant where patrons sat down to be served, wider variety of food items but prices remained competitive with McDonald’s , casual dining restaurant -McDonald’s is facing endless challenges from all front of its competitive advantage. How does McDonald’s operation strategy address the challenges faced by them in the 1990’s? * In 1990’s, to counter the growing challenges faced by them, McDonald’s were in the process of implementing the following operations strategies: * Core Competence: McDonald’s drew on its traditional strengths of careful product development closely gauged to customerâ€⠄¢s tastes, to respond to competitors’ challenges customer’s new habits. * Healthy nutritious food: McDonald’s introduced salads, chicken muffins to address concerns about nutrition. Besides this, it developed 91% fat free burger McLean Deluxe in conjunction with Keystone Auburn University. * Precooked Seasoned Food items: Keystone also convinced McDonald’s to experiment with chicken fajitas which proved an instant success in initial tests. The chicken arrived precooked seasoned so it only required heating and did not slow operations. The fajitas sold well in market. * New venues for restaurants: To keep pace with the number of meals eaten off the premises of quick-service restaurants, McDonald’s opened up double-drive windows, as well as restaurants in schools, museums, airports and hospitals. It also developed new smaller restaurants that were less expensive than its traditional designs. * Meticulous product and process development:- McDonald’s has actively pursued the adoption of advanced process technologies and product developments in its preparations like introducing a special French fries scoop or a new grill capable on cooking ham on both sides. Continuing with same in 1990’s it introduced a new pizza that could be cooked within five minutes. McDonald’s was also developing new high tech staging equipments that would further increase speed by preparing part of products ahead of time. Price cuts: In response to competitors like Taco Bell McDonald’s returned back to value menu and cut the prices by 20% on average. As a result of this price cut the sale of hamburgers increased by 30% and also resulted in an increase in customer count. But due to the reduced prices revenues and profits did not increased much. * â€Å"What You Want Is What Yo u Get at McDonald’s Today†: McDonald’s is now more concerned with meeting changing customer requirements than sticking to its core strategy of sticking to limited offerings. New Building Prototypes: McDonald’s has developed a number of new building prototypes, like drive through models, small cafes suitable for small towns to compete with competitors. * Menu Diversification: McDonald’s did a lot of experimentation testing a wide range of items like lasagne, carrot, sticks and fruit cups. McDonald’s was always concerned with nutritional issues like calcium deficiency and fat reduction. * Dinner menu with complete service: Only 20% of total sales of McDonald’s were coming from dinner and McDonald’s eyed this casual dining opportunity as the next growth factor.

Alice Walker Question Essays - Alice Walker, Booby Trap, Free Essays

Alice Walker Question Essays - Alice Walker, Booby Trap, Free Essays Alice Walker Question The selection from Alice Walker deals with the coming of civil rights and the different attitudes of the old and coming generations. Walker portrays the mother figure as supportive and tough; she fills both the masculine and feminine rolls, "With fists as well as / Hands." Images to emphasize the descriptions take up their own lines within the poem "Step," "Hands," "Doors," "Shirts," "Armies," "Fields," "Ditches," "Desks," and ending with "Themselves." This combination of domestic and military objects emphasizes the women's self reliance and perseverance. The military focus emphasizes their struggle through a stereo-typically male role while the domestic objects recall the expected housewifery of the period which one would expect. The hands that both iron and break down doors unify the two themes as being different parts of the same people. The theme of the American Dream echoes here; every parent wants their child to see a future better than their past, "A place for us / How they knew what we / Must know / Without knowing a page / Of it / Themselves." The speaker sees her mother as being supportive regarding that which she is unfamiliar with, "Without knowing a page" in the interest of furthering her offspring's chances of success in the world. The poem is unrhymed and utilizes imagery "fists," "battered down / Doors," "Across mined / Fields / Booby-trapped / Ditches / To discover books" of a war to express the difficulties with making progress in an oppressive society. The fact that the poem exists is a self-supportive testament to the ideals it portrays. Morgan Glines March 3 1997 AP English

Biography of Mary McLeod Bethune, Civil Rights Activist

Biography of Mary McLeod Bethune, Civil Rights Activist Mary McLeod Bethune (born  Mary Jane McLeod; July 10, 1875–May 18, 1955) was a trailblazing African-American educator and civil rights leader. Bethune, who strongly believed that education was the key to equal rights, founded the groundbreaking Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute (now known as the Bethune-Cookman College) in 1904. She also opened a hospital, served as CEO of a company, advised four U.S. presidents, and was chosen to attend the founding convention of the United Nations. Fast Facts: Mary McLeod Bethune Known For: Bethune was an educator and activist who fought to improve the lives of African-Americans.Also Known As: Mary Jane McLeodBorn: July 10, 1875 in Mayesville, South CarolinaParents: Sam and Patsy McLeodDied: May 18, 1955 in Daytona Beach, FloridaSpouse: Albertus Bethune (m. 1898–1918)Children: Albert Early Life Mary Jane McLeod was born on July 10, 1875, in rural Mayesville, South Carolina. Unlike her parents, Samuel and Patsy McLeod, Mary, who was the 15th of 17 children, was born free. For many years after the end of slavery, Marys family continued to work as sharecroppers on the plantation of former master William McLeod until they could afford to build a farm. Eventually, the family had enough money to erect a log cabin on a small plot of farmland they called Homestead. Despite their freedom, Patsy still did laundry for her former owner and Mary often accompanied her mother to deliver the wash. Mary loved going because she was allowed to play with the toys of the owners grandchildren. On one particular visit, Mary picked up a book- only to have it ripped from her hands by a white child, who screamed that Mary wasnt supposed to read. Later in life, Mary said that this experience had inspired her to learn to read and write. Early Education At a young age, Mary was working up to 10 hours a day, often in the fields picking cotton. When she was 7, a black Presbyterian missionary named Emma Wilson visited Homestead. She asked Samuel and Patsy if their children could attend the school she was establishing. The parents could afford to send only one child, and Mary was chosen to become the first member of her family to attend school. This opportunity would change Mary’s life. Eager to learn, Mary walked 10 miles a day to attend the one-room Trinity Mission School. If there was time after chores, Mary taught her family whatever she had learned that day. Mary studied at the mission school for four years and graduated at the age of 11. With her studies completed and no means to further her education, Mary returned to her familys farm to work in the cotton fields. A Golden Opportunity Still working a year after graduation, Mary fretted about missing additional educational opportunities- a dream that now seemed hopeless. Ever since the McLeod familys only mule had died, forcing Marys father to mortgage Homestead to buy another mule, money in the McLeod household had been even scarcer than before. Luckily for Mary, a Quaker teacher in Denver, Colorado, named Mary Chrisman had read about the blacks-only Mayesville school. As a sponsor of the Northern Presbyterian Churchs project to educate former slave children, Chrisman offered to pay tuition for one student to receive a higher education- and Mary was chosen. In 1888, 13-year-old Mary traveled to Concord, North Carolina, to attend the Scotia Seminary for Negro Girls. When she arrived at Scotia, Mary stepped into a world very different from her Southern upbringing, with white teachers sitting, talking, and eating with black teachers. At Scotia, Mary learned that through cooperation, whites and blacks could live in harmony. Studies Study of the Bible, American history, literature, Greek, and Latin filled Marys days. In 1890, the 15-year-old completed the Normal and Scientific Course, which certified her to teach. However, the course was the equivalent of todays associates degree, and Mary wanted more education. She continued her studies at the Scotia Seminary. Lacking money to travel home during summer vacations, the principal of Scotia found her jobs as a domestic with white families for which she earned a little money to send back to her parents. Mary graduated from Scotia Seminary in July 1894, but her parents, unable to get enough money together for a trip, did not attend the graduation. Shortly after graduation, Mary boarded a train in July 1894 with a scholarship to the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, Illinois, again thanks to Mary Chrisman. Mary took courses that would help her qualify for missionary work in Africa. She also worked in Chicagos slums, feeding the hungry, assisting the homeless, and visiting prisons. Mary graduated from Moody in 1895 and immediately went to New York to meet with the Presbyterian Churchs mission board. The 19-year-old was devastated when she was told â€Å"coloreds† could not qualify as African missionaries. Becoming a Teacher With no options, Mary went home to Mayesville and worked as an assistant to her old teacher, Emma Wilson. In 1896, Mary moved to Augusta, Georgia, for an eighth-grade teaching job at the Haines Normal and Industrial Institute. The school was located in an impoverished area, and Mary came to realize that her missionary work was most needed in America, not Africa. She began to seriously consider founding her own school. In 1898, the Presbyterian board sent Mary to Sumter, Carolinas Kindell Institute. A gifted singer, Mary joined the choir of the local Presbyterian church and met teacher Albertus Bethune at a rehearsal. The two started courting and in May 1898, 23-year-old Mary married Albertus and moved to Savannah, Georgia. Mary and her husband found teaching positions, but she stopped teaching when she became pregnant, and he began selling menswear. Mary gave birth to son Albertus McLeod Bethune, Jr. in February 1899. Later that year, a Presbyterian minister convinced Mary to accept a mission-school teaching position in Palatka, Florida. The family lived there  for five years, and Mary began selling insurance policies for Afro-American Life. (In 1923, Mary founded Tampas Central Life Insurance, becoming the companys CEO in 1952.) Plans were announced in 1904 to build a railroad in northern Florida. Aside from the project creating jobs, Mary saw an opportunity to open a school for migrant families- envisioning funds coming from the wealthy of Daytona Beach. Mary and her family headed to Daytona and rented a run-down cottage for $11 a month. But the Bethunes had arrived in a city where blacks were lynched every week. Their new home was in the poorest neighborhood, but it was here that Mary wanted to establish her school for black girls. Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute On October 4, 1904, 29-year-old Mary McLeod Bethune opened the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute with only $1.50 and five 8- to 12-year-old girls, and her son. Each child paid 50 cents a week for a uniform and to receive rigorous training in religion, business, academics, and industrial skills. Bethune often lectured to raise funds for her school and recruit students, emphasizing education to achieve self-sufficiency. But Jim Crow was law and the KKK was again raging. Lynching was common. Bethune received a visit from the Klan over the formation of her school. Tall and hefty, Bethune stood resolutely in the doorway, and the Klan left without causing harm. Many black women were impressed once they heard Bethune speak about the importance of education; they too wanted to learn. To teach adults, Bethune provided evening classes, and by 1906, Bethunes school boasted a 250-student enrollment. She bought the adjacent building to accommodate expansion. However, Mary McLeod Bethunes husband Albertus never shared her vision for the school. The two could not reconcile on this point, and Albertus left the family in 1907 to return to South Carolina, where he died in 1919 of tuberculosis. School Growth Bethunes goal was to create a top-rated school where students would acquire the requisite needed to succeed in life. She provided agricultural training so that students would learn how to grow and sell their own food. Accepting everyone who wanted education caused major overcrowding; however, Bethune was determined to keep her school afloat. She purchased more property from a dumpsites owner for $250, paying $5 a month. Students hauled junk away from the place they named Hells Hole. Bethune also swallowed her pride and decided to solicit aid from rich whites. Her tenacity paid off when James Gamble (of Proctor and Gamble) paid to build a brick schoolhouse. In October 1907, Mary moved her school to the four-story building she named Faith Hall. People were often moved to give due to Bethunes powerful speaking and passion for black education. For example, the owner of White Sewing Machines made a large donation to build a new hall and included Bethune in his will. In 1909, Bethune went to New York and was introduced to Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and Guggenheim. Rockefeller created a scholarship program for Mary through his foundation. Angry at the absence of healthcare for blacks in Daytona, Bethune built her own 20-bed hospital on campus. The consummate fundraiser hosted a bazaar, raising $5,000. Famed industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie donated. With this support, Bethune focused on acquiring accreditation as a college. Her proposal was rejected by the all-white board, who believed an elementary education was sufficient for blacks. Bethune again sought the help of powerful allies, and in 1913 the board approved junior-college accreditation. Merger Bethune maintained her Head, Hands, and Heart teaching philosophy and the overcrowded school kept growing. To expand, the 45-year-old Bethune hopped on her bike, going door-to-door soliciting contributions and selling sweet potato pies. However, the 20-acre campus still struggled financially, and in 1923 Bethune decided to merge the school with the Cookman Institute for Men in Jacksonville, Florida, which doubled student enrollment to 600. The school became the Bethune-Cookman College in 1929, and Bethune served until 1942 as the first black female college president. Women’s Rights Bethune believed that raising the status of African-American women was key to elevating the race; thus, beginning in 1917, she formed clubs championing the causes of black women. The Florida Federation of Colored Women and the Southeastern Federal of Colored Women addressed important topics of the era. A constitutional amendment granted black women voting rights in 1920, and an overjoyed Bethune got busy organizing a voter registration drive. This roused the ire of Klansmen, who threatened her with violence. Bethune urged calmness and courage, leading the women in exercising their hard-won privilege. In 1924, Bethune defeated Ida B. Wells, with whom she had a contentious relationship over teaching methods, to become president of the 10,000-strong National Association of Colored Women (NACW). Bethune traveled often, singing and speaking to raise money, not only for her college but also to move the NACW’s headquarters to Washington, D.C. In 1935, Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). The organization sought to address discrimination, thereby improving every facet of African-American life. Advisor to Presidents Bethune’s successes did not go unnoticed. After she returned to her school in October 1927 from a European vacation, she attended a brunch at the home of New York governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This began a lifelong friendship between Bethune and the governors wife Eleanor. A year later, it was U.S. President Calvin Coolidge who wanted Bethune’s advice. Later, Herbert Hoover sought Bethunes thoughts on racial affairs and appointed her to various committees. In October 1929, Americas stock market crashed, and black men were the first to be fired. Black women became primary breadwinners, working in jobs of servitude. The Great Depression increased racial hostility, but Bethune ignored established mores by frequently speaking out. Her outspokenness caused journalist Ida Tarbell to deem her one of Americas most influential women in 1930. When Franklin Roosevelt became president, he created several programs for blacks and appointed Bethune as his advisor of minority affairs. In June 1936, Bethune became the first black woman to head a federal office as director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Association (NYA). In 1942, Bethune assisted the war secretary during World War II in creating the Womens Army Corps (WAC), lobbying for black women military officers. From 1935 to 1944, Bethune advocated passionately for African-Americans to receive equal consideration under the New Deal. Bethune also assembled a black think tank for weekly strategy meetings at her home. On October 24, 1945, President Harry Truman chose Bethune to attend the United Nations founding convention. Bethune was the only black female delegate, and the event was the highlight of her life. Death Failing health forced Bethune into retirement from government service. She went home, maintaining only certain club affiliations, and wrote books and articles. Knowing death was near, Mary penned My Last Will and Testament, in which she summed up her lifes achievements. The will read, I leave you love. I leave you hope. I leave you a thirst for education. I leave you racial dignity, a desire to live harmoniously- and a responsibility to our young people. On May 18, 1955, 79-year-old Mary McLeod Bethune died of a heart attack and was buried on the grounds of her beloved school. A simple marker reads, Mother. Legacy Against all odds, Bethune greatly improved the lives of African-Americans through education, political involvement, and economic enablement. In 1974, a sculpture of Bethune teaching children was erected in Washington D.C.s Lincoln Park, making her the first African-American to receive such an honor. The United States Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating Bethune in 1985. Today, her legacy lives on through the college that bears her name. Sources Bethune, Mary McLeod, et al.  Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World: Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press, 2001.Kelley, Samuel L.  Faith, Hope and Charity: Mary McLeod Bethune. Xlibris Corporation, 2014.

Singapore airline Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Singapore airline - Literature review Example Singapore Airlines holds the honour of operating as the national airlines of Singapore. The airlines company operates from one of the main stations located in the Changi airbase of Singapore. From its central airbase the airlines company conducts its flights along several regions of the world pertaining to both Asiatic and other foreign nations. The Asiatic nations comprise of both South East Asian and other East and South Asian countries while the foreign flights consist of moving over to Australian and American regions. In terms of market capitalization the Airlines Company occupies the largest market share in the international domain. However in regards to Asian countries Singapore Airlines ranks eleventh. The Singapore Airlines had its birth during 1947 under the name of Malayan Airlines. It took the name of Singapore Airlines during 1972 and gradually started occupying the flying space in the Asian skies. By the end of 2010 the company grew to possess around 108 airplanes to ren der services on an expanded sphere. The company now also possess a subsidiary unit known as SilkAir and also helps the regular passengers avail offers and discounts. This policy of the flying company has helped it to gain a large number of consumers on a worldwide basis.According to a report published by Datamonitor (2010), Singapore Airlines operating in the international markets works on some key strengths and also suffers from certain weaknesses in the light of external opportunities and threats. Singapore Airline’s key strengths occupy its operation based on a diversified marketing base which helps the company to counter the potency of business risks. Further Singapore Airlines operates based on highly productive airplanes which helps the company to render enhanced services to the consumers. The company has also a large number of productive workforce which helps in enhancing the revenue and profitability position of the concern. The company also works on a diversified ser vice and product portfolio which helps it to minimise the chances of business risks. Internal strengths of the company helped it to gain a huge chunk of revenue of around $15,996.3 million. However in regards to other airline companies like All Nippon Airways and Air France the number of flight resources which Singapore Airlines possess is found to be quite low. Due to the low number of flight resources Singapore Airlines fails to gain large number of passengers as compared to the other competitors. Significant opportunities which are emerging in the external market consist of growth in the number of airline passengers for expansion of tourism activities and also in the use of flights for

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fiscal and Monetary Policy - Essay Example Therefore, it would be government who has to come forward and prepare a discretional fiscal and monetary policy in collaboration with the central bank to reduce the expansionary or contractionary gap. On the other hand, the pundits of passive policy assumes that the current position of economy is quite stable such that the market forces can better interact with each other to achieve the equilibrium in the economy due to the presence of automatic stabilizers in the economy. Active policy is quite famous among the policymakers due to the fact that by apply this approach the economy can be steered to a particular direction in quick times. The active policy is mainly utilized by the existing presidents just before the elections in order to gain some short term advantages so that their chances of being elected for the next tenure can be increased. Another important strength of this approach is that generally this approach is presented to the public in a very decent manner by the central bank and the government, but in reality, both these institutions heavily emphasize on the passive approach which is the core tool behind stabilizing the economy after recessions. This policy can provide its best of the results when some sheered expert policymakers are given the command to formulate a policy to come out of the recession. When those policymakers sit together and think, they can use active policy as their premier tactic which can bring stability to the economy . The weaknesses of this policy mostly wipe out the strengths of active policy because of considerable difficulties which arises when this policy is to be formulated. The biggest weakness of this policy is the difficulty in estimating the future output level of the economy and the unemployment rate. Both these factors are hard to foresee and identify under this approach. Another important weakness

The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried Essay Throughout his novel, the things The Carried, author Tim O’Brien uses a plethora of strategies to give the reader a deeper incite into the day to day life of an American ground soldier during the Vietnam War. O’ Brian shares with us his extensive knowledge and first hand experiences throughout the novel. Being a veteran of the Vietnam War helps O ‘Brian gives us a look into American’s longest war, not often given. Aside from recalling past events, he uses many unique techniques that we may be less used to. The first is the use of characters and objects as representations. This is one of the tactics most often used in the book. Another way that O ‘Brian uses rliterature to emphasize a point is the use of meta-fiction. This is basically telling the truth in a lie. Lastly, his knowledge and experiences add another dimension to this book that can really engage the reader. All of these components working together are what has mad the Things They Carried, such a critically acclaimed book. I have found that a good strategy to use when reading this book, is to remember that often times things are not what they seem. The book was filled with figurative language and representation the O ‘Brien uses to emphasizes and support his points. This strategy is used with both people and objects. In the book, there are characters that O ‘Brian tells us that he served with in the war, but in interviews told people that he fictionalized them to emphasize his point. An example of this would be Mark Fossie’s girlfriend Mary Ann Belle who visits the men in Vietnam. She is the classic example of the â€Å"American girl†. â€Å" A tall, big-boned blonde. AT best, Rat said, she was seventeen years old, fresh out of Cleveland Heights Senior High School. She had long, white legs and blue eyes and complexion like strawberry ice cream. Very friendly, too. She is a representation of what all them men left behind when the joined the war. The young, attractive, and vibrant girl is a dramatic contrast to the death and destruction that they are forced to endure everyday. As time goes on and Mary spends all of her time in a war zone surrounded by men, there is a dramatic change in her character and personality. She starts to embrace the death and carnage that the war zone is filled with. â€Å"Everything I want, is right here. † –Mary. Legend says that she disappeared into the black of the jungle, never to be heard from again. This experience shatters Mark Fossie’s erception of Mary as a harmless beauty, which was a thought he would use to escape from the horrors of war. Another example of this use of characters are more than a character to add to the plot is O ‘Brian’s daughter Kathleen. She, much like Mary, is young and naive. Although to the naked eye she would appear to be nothing more than a little girl, she actually represents how war has affected the soldiers. She may show Tim what he was, pre-war and how being sent to the front lines at such a young age can turn anyone to a little girl. Meta-fiction is one of my favorite literary devices. It is essentially the use of lies to tell the truth. This may sound contradictory but in certain cases, there is not factual information or, â€Å"truth† to support your point. An example of this from â€Å"the Things They Carried† would be the scene where Kiowa died. This event never actually never happened during O ‘Brian’s service despite the fact that he tells it this way. This is because as far as the message that the author is trying to tell us about the Vietnam War, Kiowa’s death represents more than just a soldier dying in battle. â€Å"Kiowa was gone. He was under the mud and water, folded in with the war. † He may have known many men that died in combat but none in a way that is this representative. The mud and water where he sunk into and eventually died represents the way that the war can bog someone down. Whether you die in combat or not, a piece of your is almost left on the battle field. This is the point that O ‘Brian is trying to make. Another example of meta-fiction was the entire chapter titled, â€Å"The Man I Killed†. In this chapter, the young Tim O ‘Brian shorts a man in the face. After, the kill, he goes over and inspects the dead body. He inspects it from head to toe, paying special attention to the star shaped bullet wound where the victim’s eye should have been. Again, while one may just assume that this is just the author talking about a man he killed, but in this situation, this never even happened. In fact, O ‘Brian tells us that he never even saw any of the men that he killed. He was to s cared to â€Å"see a life ended by his trigger†. He inserts this chapter because this is how he imagines seeing a man that you killed you feel, and look like. Even if he had looked at the man he had killed, the real experience may not have captured all the emotions that this fictionalized scenario would. This is a tactic used by writers because these cenarios that they create can capture emotions and powerful moments that may not have happened but still feel real. The more knowledge and author has on a given subject usually results in a better final product. O ‘Brian’s personal experiences in the Vietnam War assures us that the stories and information we are receiving is as first hand as it comes. Rather than just reciting dates and facts like a history textbook, he shares with us what it was actually like to be risking your life in the field. While some of the stories he tells are admittedly fictionalized, most are not. Even those that are often are based on some fact or true event. Tim O ‘ Brian’s personal experiences help him in achieving his goal of giving us a look into the day to day life of a foot soldier in Vietnam. All of these devises utilizes by O ‘Brian help make the Things They Carried one of the best war books that I have ever read. Symbolism, meta-fiction, and personal experience help give the reader a more personal look into America’s longest war. I believe that Tim O ‘Brian was very successful in accomplishing his goal of giving readers an in depth look into a war that is often not talked about for what happened on the battle field.

Graduation Speech: This is the Beginning :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

At times it may have been extremely difficult for some of us to predict where we would be today, but now we can embark upon our goals and congratulate ourselves for always striving to conquer our missions. No longer do we need to reminisce about what we were unable to accomplish - for we have accomplished the first step in our education. Sugar Lake High School is not an ordinary high school. When you step onto the campus the atmosphere of open-mindedness and kindness is overwhelming. Every senior has a struggle or story that brought him or her to Sugar . Being able to interact with your peers and knowing that your fellow seniors are willing to open their heart to you is what has bonded the unique class of 2006 together. Personally, if it wasn't for the sincere relationships I was able to create and open upon my Sugar senior friends I may not be standing here today. For their overwhelming support and love I thank them all. Though we all probably have our so-called teacher horror stories, in our hearts we know that without Sugar's dedicated staff we would have been left in the dust. What makes Sugar's staff so sincere is its ability to gain relationships with its students. How many teachers are willing to call you before class to make sure you are awake or well, are willing to contract other work with you in order for you to graduate, purchases coffee and snacks for their students just because they are there early in the morning, and will allow for you to openly speak your mind without being hesitant to listen - these teachers can only be found at Sugar! Although the staff at Sugar has been major contributors to our educational, physical, and emotional developments, our parents were also major influences on our lives. We all owe our drive for success and our abilities to overcome struggles to our parents.

Wireless Power Transfer

IntroductionWe can non conceive of modern universe without power and twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the use of power is increasing, but utilizing it in the most effectual manner is the biggest concern now. After the radical alteration in engineering site, sometimes the manner of power transportation is a weighty issue. Wireless power transmittal is necessary in instances where fleeting power transportation is needed, because sometimes semisynthetic music directors are non perfect for power transmittal in few sectors. Wireless Power Transfer ( WPT ) is a transmittal where electrical energy is transmitted from a power beginning to an electrical burden through an air spread with the aid of electromagnetic field. In last few old ages, there is a dramatic advancement in this sector but still it is in child degree. Background and aim Wireless power transmittal is a construct which was proposed by Nicola Tesla in the late 1800s.That clip it may sound futuristic, but Tesla’s did it enormously. No uncertainty research workers have found safer and more effectual methods of wireless power transportation, since Tesla ‘s cardinal check. It is called resonating inductive yoke, the most promising engineering that has been bloomed. The engineering takes advantage of moving ridge harmonics. From two spirals, wave harmonics make a strong nexus of magnetic moving ridges and vibrate it. Although the original initiation spiral was created by Nicholas Callan ( 1799-1864 ) , in 1836 a priest and the professor of natural doctrine, but Nicola Tesla’s spirals created the discovery for Wireless power transmittal. The chief point is why we want to utilize wireless engineering to route information when all the maps can be arranged with wired elements? Extinguishing reckons of overseas telegrams is the lone existent reply. Many medical equipments require a uninterrupted power beginning. If wires may set-up through someone’s organic structure, the hazard of shorting causes a hazard of infection for patients. Cell phones, earphones, game accountants, personal digital helpers ( PDAs ) and Internet contraptions all require a three to four pes single wire to utilize in the auto. Most of these wires are created an uncomfortable environment in the wire. WPT utilizing magnetic: Wireless Power transportation ( WPT ) is divided by two parts, one is near-field and another one is far-field parts. Although Radio Waves and LASER engineering are widely used for far-field part, but these are non excessively much efficient for near-field part. In near-field part, three techniques of wireless power transportation are used. Air ionisation is one of them, but it is a toughest technique and is non executable for practical execution. Other two techniques are really effectual, which are called magnetic inductive yoke and magnetic resonance inductive yoke. Magnetic inductive yoke is the most comprehensive method of wireless power transmittal. Interior designers can acquire some benefits from magnetic initiation instead than the wireless moving ridges. If modulated magnetic field is used to direct a signal through the air allows for a low-priced, low-power communications system. Radio waves communicate by distributing a plane moving ridge in unfastened infinite. On the other manus magnetic system is based on quasi-static magnetic field which is around the transmission spiral. It is based on the rule of change overing and conveying the magnetic flux ( ? ) between two spirals ( primary and secondary spirals ) which are non connected by wires. Transformer, electric coppice, radio bear downing tablets are the illustrations of magnetic initiation. But this method is impractical when it comes to reassigning power to longer distances. For such an experiment, it is needed that the spirals are excessively close to each other so that the short magnetic field is produced. When it is a affair of long distance, a immense magnetic field is needed and spirals should be multiple. Due to the flow of magnetic field in different waies, counter steps should be calculated to salvage the power loss. May be this is theoretically possible but is non possible practically. Magnetic resonance inductive yoke is the procedure which is used for longer distances power transportation. It is a combination of inductive yoke and resonance. Resonance is interacted with two objects really strongly. In this procedure capacitance is connected parallel to the spiral and spiral provides the induction. The resonating capacitances wipe out the divergent induction in the receiving system. Resonance Inductive Coupling ( RIC ) is extremely effectual than inductive yoke ( IC ) and RIC can be transfer power to multiple devices whereas inductive yoke is reassigning power to individual device. Magnetic initiation vs. Radio Waves: Magnetic initiation can keep a scope bound which is around 3 metres. On the other manus, wireless waive is non governable and range bound is minimal 10 metres or more. Related work: When Tesla spiral is invented, the thought of wireless power was unveiled. Now â€Å"WiTricity† is an American technology company, but in 2007 WiTricity was a undertaking of MIT pupils, where research workers were able to successfully light a 60 W visible radiation bulb wirelessly, which was 7ft off. At a glimpse, it is originally extended version of magnetic initiation up to a few metres. The chief difference is resonance ; if the magnetic resonance is same for transmitter and receiving system, energy can expeditiously be transferred and loss of power is really little. Using resonance is about 106 times efficient than without resonance. The frequence of resonation can be measured by the equation given below. Resonant Frequency = Coil Inductance x Capacitance The dramatic accomplishment of the MIT research squad is how to ticket tune the application so that the close field addition distances for a few metres, on the other manus restricting the power radiated through the far field. In 2008, Tesla’s experiment was rebuilt by Intel, which was wirelessly powering a light bulb. And in 2009, Sony exhibited a Television, which was wireless-powered at a scope of 20 inches. Very recent April 17, 2014 was another discovery for Wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic resonance. Chun T. Rim, a professor of Nuclear & A ; Quantum Engineering at KAIST and his squad developed a system, which can bear down 40 smart phones at the same time, with a highest end product power of 209 W at 20 kilohertz and power beginning can 5 metres off from receiving system. The name of this system is â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † which is an drawn-out version of inductive power transportation. Using this system a big LED Television with 40 W-fans can be powered from maximal 5-meter distance.No uncertainty, that it is a radical accomplishment after WiTricity. Advantages 1. Wireless charging: Now inductive bear downing has promised with our nomadic devices, Electric Vehicle wholly free from cord and it protects our connexions. When electronics are enclosed, there is no opportunity of corrosion. Sometimes embedded medical devices are needed to be charged, but the hazard of infection, wires penetrate through tegument should be avoided. Durability is another benefit of inductive charging. 2. High Efficiency over a Distance: Electricity, which is created by the beginning and is extremely efficient around several metres. 3. Penetrate and Frisk Around the barrier: Power transportation system is really flexible for industrial or commercial environment. Most of the edifices are furnished by wood, glass, plastics, fabrics etc. which are non created any obstructor of transmittal system. In add-on, the system has an ability to frolic around many metallic barriers. 4. Control the scope of power degree: It is possible to accomplish commanding power degree over distance. Wireless mouse and keyboard like electronic devices need milliwatts and when it is a affair of electric rider vehicle, so it gives you kilowatts. 5. Safe for nature: Cause of magnetic near field, this engineering is wholly free from Radiative manner and that’s why it is safe for nature. Biological beings are really decrepit interact with magnetic field. The world-renowned physicist Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London explains: â€Å" The organic structure truly responds strongly to electric Fieldss, which is why you can cook a poulet in a microwave. But it does n't react to magnetic Fieldss. Equally far as we know the organic structure has about zero response to magnetic Fieldss in footings of the sum of power it absorbs † . Research Aims: Wireless coursers for Electric Vehicles ( EVs ) would be a convenient characteristic, which is given a great solution of avoid to retrieve the stopper in a power overseas telegram after parking the vehicle. Wireless bear downing for Electric Vehicles is a system necessitating high electrical power ( up to 100s of kW ) and broad country of wireless power transmittal which increases electromagnetic field exposure. There are two types of radio bear downing engineerings applicable for EVs. inductive power transportation ( IPT ) system, which is known as Decision: The Wireless Power Transmission was a legendary effort by Nikola Tesla. After 120 old ages, reproduced of Tesla’s experiment agencies, necessity of engineering can ne'er be hidden. Presently the engineering is in advancement and all the twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours research workers are seeking their best and defeated the powerful challenges. Although â€Å"WiTricity† and â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † are about new engineerings, but the cardinal rule is magnetic inductive with resonance yoke. However, the most update radio power transmittal system is excessively dearly-won and immature, but the twenty-four hours is non so far when wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic is the most diacritic and sustainable option of current system. Mentions: 1 ) Sun-Hee Kim, Yong-Seok Lim, and Seung-Jun Lee, † Magnetic Resonant Coupling Based Wireless Power Transfer System with In-Band Communication† , JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.13, NO.6, DECEMBER, 2013 2 ) S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System† , 2010 International Journal of Computer Applications ( 0975 – 8887 ) , Volume 1 – No.13 3 ) Chun T. Rim, â€Å"Wireless power transportation achieved at 5-meter distance† hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/tkai-wpt041714.php 4 ) Rajen Biswa, â€Å"Feasibility of Wireless Power Transmission† , May, 2012 5 ) Wireless Power Technology hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/ 6 ) Liguang Xie, Yi Shi Y, Thomas Hou,Wenjing Lou, † Wireless Power Transfer and Applications to Sensor Networks† , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 7 ) Prof. Jenshan Lin, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission: From Far-Field to Near-Field† , University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA Wireless Power Transfer IntroductionWe can non conceive of modern universe without power and twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the use of power is increasing, but utilizing it in the most effectual manner is the biggest concern now. After the radical alteration in engineering site, sometimes the manner of power transportation is a weighty issue. Wireless power transmittal is necessary in instances where fleeting power transportation is needed, because sometimes semisynthetic music directors are non perfect for power transmittal in few sectors. Wireless Power Transfer ( WPT ) is a transmittal where electrical energy is transmitted from a power beginning to an electrical burden through an air spread with the aid of electromagnetic field. In last few old ages, there is a dramatic advancement in this sector but still it is in child degree. Background and aim Wireless power transmittal is a construct which was proposed by Nicola Tesla in the late 1800s.That clip it may sound futuristic, but Tesla’s did it enormously. No uncertainty research workers have found safer and more effectual methods of wireless power transportation, since Tesla ‘s cardinal check. It is called resonating inductive yoke, the most promising engineering that has been bloomed. The engineering takes advantage of moving ridge harmonics. From two spirals, wave harmonics make a strong nexus of magnetic moving ridges and vibrate it. Although the original initiation spiral was created by Nicholas Callan ( 1799-1864 ) , in 1836 a priest and the professor of natural doctrine, but Nicola Tesla’s spirals created the discovery for Wireless power transmittal. The chief point is why we want to utilize wireless engineering to route information when all the maps can be arranged with wired elements? Extinguishing reckons of overseas telegrams is the lone existent reply. Many medical equipments require a uninterrupted power beginning. If wires may set-up through someone’s organic structure, the hazard of shorting causes a hazard of infection for patients. Cell phones, earphones, game accountants, personal digital helpers ( PDAs ) and Internet contraptions all require a three to four pes single wire to utilize in the auto. Most of these wires are created an uncomfortable environment in the wire. WPT utilizing magnetic: Wireless Power transportation ( WPT ) is divided by two parts, one is near-field and another one is far-field parts. Although Radio Waves and LASER engineering are widely used for far-field part, but these are non excessively much efficient for near-field part. In near-field part, three techniques of wireless power transportation are used. Air ionisation is one of them, but it is a toughest technique and is non executable for practical execution. Other two techniques are really effectual, which are called magnetic inductive yoke and magnetic resonance inductive yoke. Magnetic inductive yoke is the most comprehensive method of wireless power transmittal. Interior designers can acquire some benefits from magnetic initiation instead than the wireless moving ridges. If modulated magnetic field is used to direct a signal through the air allows for a low-priced, low-power communications system. Radio waves communicate by distributing a plane moving ridge in unfastened infinite. On the other manus magnetic system is based on quasi-static magnetic field which is around the transmission spiral. It is based on the rule of change overing and conveying the magnetic flux ( ? ) between two spirals ( primary and secondary spirals ) which are non connected by wires. Transformer, electric coppice, radio bear downing tablets are the illustrations of magnetic initiation. But this method is impractical when it comes to reassigning power to longer distances. For such an experiment, it is needed that the spirals are excessively close to each other so that the short magnetic field is produced. When it is a affair of long distance, a immense magnetic field is needed and spirals should be multiple. Due to the flow of magnetic field in different waies, counter steps should be calculated to salvage the power loss. May be this is theoretically possible but is non possible practically. Magnetic resonance inductive yoke is the procedure which is used for longer distances power transportation. It is a combination of inductive yoke and resonance. Resonance is interacted with two objects really strongly. In this procedure capacitance is connected parallel to the spiral and spiral provides the induction. The resonating capacitances wipe out the divergent induction in the receiving system. Resonance Inductive Coupling ( RIC ) is extremely effectual than inductive yoke ( IC ) and RIC can be transfer power to multiple devices whereas inductive yoke is reassigning power to individual device. Magnetic initiation vs. Radio Waves: Magnetic initiation can keep a scope bound which is around 3 metres. On the other manus, wireless waive is non governable and range bound is minimal 10 metres or more. Related work: When Tesla spiral is invented, the thought of wireless power was unveiled. Now â€Å"WiTricity† is an American technology company, but in 2007 WiTricity was a undertaking of MIT pupils, where research workers were able to successfully light a 60 W visible radiation bulb wirelessly, which was 7ft off. At a glimpse, it is originally extended version of magnetic initiation up to a few metres. The chief difference is resonance ; if the magnetic resonance is same for transmitter and receiving system, energy can expeditiously be transferred and loss of power is really little. Using resonance is about 106 times efficient than without resonance. The frequence of resonation can be measured by the equation given below. Resonant Frequency = Coil Inductance x Capacitance The dramatic accomplishment of the MIT research squad is how to ticket tune the application so that the close field addition distances for a few metres, on the other manus restricting the power radiated through the far field. In 2008, Tesla’s experiment was rebuilt by Intel, which was wirelessly powering a light bulb. And in 2009, Sony exhibited a Television, which was wireless-powered at a scope of 20 inches. Very recent April 17, 2014 was another discovery for Wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic resonance. Chun T. Rim, a professor of Nuclear & A ; Quantum Engineering at KAIST and his squad developed a system, which can bear down 40 smart phones at the same time, with a highest end product power of 209 W at 20 kilohertz and power beginning can 5 metres off from receiving system. The name of this system is â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † which is an drawn-out version of inductive power transportation. Using this system a big LED Television with 40 W-fans can be powered from maximal 5-meter distance.No uncertainty, that it is a radical accomplishment after WiTricity. Advantages 1. Wireless charging: Now inductive bear downing has promised with our nomadic devices, Electric Vehicle wholly free from cord and it protects our connexions. When electronics are enclosed, there is no opportunity of corrosion. Sometimes embedded medical devices are needed to be charged, but the hazard of infection, wires penetrate through tegument should be avoided. Durability is another benefit of inductive charging. 2. High Efficiency over a Distance: Electricity, which is created by the beginning and is extremely efficient around several metres. 3. Penetrate and Frisk Around the barrier: Power transportation system is really flexible for industrial or commercial environment. Most of the edifices are furnished by wood, glass, plastics, fabrics etc. which are non created any obstructor of transmittal system. In add-on, the system has an ability to frolic around many metallic barriers. 4. Control the scope of power degree: It is possible to accomplish commanding power degree over distance. Wireless mouse and keyboard like electronic devices need milliwatts and when it is a affair of electric rider vehicle, so it gives you kilowatts. 5. Safe for nature: Cause of magnetic near field, this engineering is wholly free from Radiative manner and that’s why it is safe for nature. Biological beings are really decrepit interact with magnetic field. The world-renowned physicist Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London explains: â€Å" The organic structure truly responds strongly to electric Fieldss, which is why you can cook a poulet in a microwave. But it does n't react to magnetic Fieldss. Equally far as we know the organic structure has about zero response to magnetic Fieldss in footings of the sum of power it absorbs † . Research Aims: Wireless coursers for Electric Vehicles ( EVs ) would be a convenient characteristic, which is given a great solution of avoid to retrieve the stopper in a power overseas telegram after parking the vehicle. Wireless bear downing for Electric Vehicles is a system necessitating high electrical power ( up to 100s of kW ) and broad country of wireless power transmittal which increases electromagnetic field exposure. There are two types of radio bear downing engineerings applicable for EVs. inductive power transportation ( IPT ) system, which is known as Decision: The Wireless Power Transmission was a legendary effort by Nikola Tesla. After 120 old ages, reproduced of Tesla’s experiment agencies, necessity of engineering can ne'er be hidden. Presently the engineering is in advancement and all the twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours research workers are seeking their best and defeated the powerful challenges. Although â€Å"WiTricity† and â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † are about new engineerings, but the cardinal rule is magnetic inductive with resonance yoke. However, the most update radio power transmittal system is excessively dearly-won and immature, but the twenty-four hours is non so far when wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic is the most diacritic and sustainable option of current system. Mentions: 1 ) Sun-Hee Kim, Yong-Seok Lim, and Seung-Jun Lee, † Magnetic Resonant Coupling Based Wireless Power Transfer System with In-Band Communication† , JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.13, NO.6, DECEMBER, 2013 2 ) S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System† , 2010 International Journal of Computer Applications ( 0975 – 8887 ) , Volume 1 – No.13 3 ) Chun T. Rim, â€Å"Wireless power transportation achieved at 5-meter distance† hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/tkai-wpt041714.php 4 ) Rajen Biswa, â€Å"Feasibility of Wireless Power Transmission† , May, 2012 5 ) Wireless Power Technology hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/ 6 ) Liguang Xie, Yi Shi Y, Thomas Hou,Wenjing Lou, † Wireless Power Transfer and Applications to Sensor Networks† , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 7 ) Prof. Jenshan Lin, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission: From Far-Field to Near-Field† , University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA

Motivational Methods Paper Essay

Every manager in an organization must develop the necessary skill of motivation, and apply it to their staff in order to work more efficiently. This ability is a key role for each department and it is of utmost importance that it be applied in a manner that is both beneficial to the organization and staff as well. Each staff member has a role to play in accomplishing goals and it is the duty of the managers to facilitate and motivate their staff. This paper will address three motivational methods to motivate staff for upcoming changes for the organization. Motivation can be defined as: â€Å"Forces within individuals that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort they expend at work.† (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007). Individuals who possess a strong work ethic and integrity will put 110 percent into their job, those who do not will do just enough to slide by and stay under the radar. Managers must motivate and inspire staff to continue to give that 110 percent while receiving acknowledgment and respect. In other words; â€Å"Motivation is getting people to do what you want them to do because THEY WANT to do it. The challenge is to give them a reason to want to do it because doing it will satisfy a need they have. You have to tune in to their needs, motives and reasons, not yours.† (Saleem, 2007). Upon learning that upper management is going to implement changes within the organization a manager is tasked with identifying what makes their staff motivated, what makes them perform at peak levels? What does the staff need? â€Å"Needs are unfulfilled physiological or psychological desires of an individual†. (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007). Each individual will have different needs; however it is possible to identify what the team needs by simply asking them. One may think that by developing a list of needs and instructing each member to put them in order of priority it is possible to get an accurate picture of where  to start with the team and how to introduce the up-coming changes in a manner that will motivate the team to accept these in a positive and professional manner. Howev er, â€Å"A study, published in 1999 by Kenneth Kovach of George Mason University, compared associates’ ranking of what they wanted from their jobs with what their bosses thought was important to the associates. The results of the study were somewhat surprising. At the top of the associates’ list was interesting work, followed by appreciation of work, a feeling of being â€Å"in on things†, job security, and good wages. Employers thought good wages, job security, promotion/growth, good working conditions, and interesting work were most important to their staff.† (Bessel, 2012). The key here is to listen to the responses from the staff when asked what is important to them, and then we can identify their motivation. One motivation theory is the Two-Factor Theory, developed by Frederick Herzberg, (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007), which identified that what really made the 4,000 respondents he questioned, enjoy their jobs were factors which related to the job itself, he labeled this satisfier factors. These are items such as feeling pride and a sense of achievement, recognition, and room for advancement. As it turned out, things relating to the setting of the job were what they enjoyed least about the job, he labeled this hygie ne factors. These are items such as work environment and conditions, interpersonal relations, policies, quality of supervision, and salary. These negative factors can be remedied with improving policies to enable staff to feel more satisfied in their environment, such as adding soothing environmental sounds, music, or providing chair message for example can help create a less chaotic work environment and positive hygiene factors. However, in using this method it is also important to be conscious that the two-factor theory is a complementary theory, improving the hygiene is also along with improving the satisfier factors as well. Common sense means that one follows with the other, recognition must also come along with environmental motivation. A second motivation theory is Acquired Needs Theory, from David McClelland, which is based on the needs of individuals. He identified three needs; first, the need for achievement as a desire to go above and beyond the norm of what is expected. Then second is the need for power, which could include control over others, or to be able to provide influence and responsibility over them. The third is the need for affiliation which  is a desire to have friendly and warm friendships with others. (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007). These are all needs that people acquire over time of life experiences and a savvy manager will create a work place that is responsive to these needs. The manager must allow these staff members to takes risks and challenges and encourage their ability to work with little supervision. Delegating higher responsibilities to these individuals creates security for the team and enables the manager to respond to other concerns that normally they may not be able to give the proper attention to. The third method of motivation is motivating through job design. Utilizing the two previous methods of motivation based on the needs of staff, a manager can then create jobs by assigning the required tasks to those individuals who are appropriate to accomplish job performance and job satisfaction for themselves as well as the organization. To make the future changes the organization is anticipating it is essential that the managers utilize their skills to â€Å"tailor job design† (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007), to fit the strengths of staff with their own specific qualities and needs, this includes four specific areas, one, job simplification: identifying work processes and tasks for staff to work in clearly defined and specialized tasks. Managers can utilize lesser skilled staff to perform duties of lesser complexity, allowing others with higher skill levels to focus on areas of greater need. Job rotation allows the manager to create flexibility and understanding of other areas, creating a better relationship and moral between departments. Job enlargement integrates or combines tasks previously done by separate workers, this is an option that a manager should do with caution because it could have an opposite reaction to the motivation they are trying to create. The final alternative in job design is job enrichment which is essentially delegating some of the responsibilities of the manager to another individual creating a broader scope to their current position and allowing the manager to take on other responsibilities they may have had a hard time giving the appropriate time to. By focusing on these three types of motivational methods I intend to accomplish introducing the staff and motivating them into the future of the organization while taking into consideration their needs and skill levels to better serve them and the organization. Through personal experience, being motivated to provide superior service and customer satisfaction in the health care  industry, individuals who are appreciated, recognized, and offered more responsibility will work hard to meet deadlines and provide excellent patient care. This is a win-win situation for any health care organization and management team. References: Bessel, I. (2012). Understanding Motivation: An Effective Tool for Managers. Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hr017 Kovach, Kenneth. (1999). Employee motivation: Addressing a crucial factor in your organization’s performance. Human Resource Development. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Lombardi, D.M., & Schermerhorn, J.R. (2007). Health care management: Tools and techniques for managing in a health care environment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Saleem, H. (2007). Motivating your staff. Retrieved from http://www.dirjournal.com/guides/motivating-your-staff/

John Ashcroft

John Ashcroft, President Bushs nominee for the position of Attorney General, was born on the wonderful spring day of May 9th, 1949. He grew up in the town of Springfield Missouri in an extremely religious family. His father was a Pentecostal preacher and enforced strict house rules, including punishing his children for dancing. Ashcroft attended Yale University, graduated with honors, and went on to the University of Chicago law school. While there, he me his wife, Janet. John fathered three children, and has one grandchild. He has also fathered three books. Two of these were college textbooks co-authored by his wife, and the other one, entitled Lessons from a father to his son, is about the many lessons that Ashcroft learned from his father. Before entering into the political world, John Ashcroft taught business law at Southwest Missouri State University, a school in his hometown. He soon got totally enveloped in the political world, taking on positions such as the Governor of Missouri, Chairman of the National Governors Association, and Missouri Auditor (just to name a few). The one that probably caught the eye of the man he was appointed by was the position that he held as the Missouri Attorney General in 1977. Also, Ashcrofts excellent economics history may have influenced Bush a bit in nominating him for the position as Attorney General. Ashcroft balanced eight consecutive budgets as the Governor of Missouri. Also, during his term as Governor, Missouri had the 49th lowest tax burden in the nation. Ashcroft was credited by Financial World and City and State magazines with making Missouri one of the best financially managed states in the entire country. J. Ashcroft is also the only member of senate to have a ! perfect voting record against wasteful government spending. Two of Ashcrofts biggest focuses are on protecting social security and economic opportunity (or, in other words,...

Allude and Elude

Allude and Elude Allude and Elude Allude and Elude By Maeve Maddox . . . as you move forward in this new world of social networking remember that each network has a specific purpose  as Reid has eluded to in the video. This comment on a business blog refers to a conversation between Charlie Rose and Reid Hoffman, founder of the business networking site Linkedin. There are two problems with the writer’s use of the word â€Å"eluded† in this context. 1. The writer was reaching for the word alluded. 2. The word alluded is no more appropriate here than the word eluded. In current usage elude means â€Å"to escape from something.† The criminal has eluded the police for three years. Elude can also mean â€Å"to get away from† in the sense of escaping ones memory. His name continues to elude me. Allude is often used where the word refer or mention or describe would be the better choice. The word allude means â€Å"to make an indirect reference to something.† The speaker mentioned no names, but he alluded to the last governor by talking about â€Å"a helmet of hair.† In the interview referred to in the above quotation, Hoffman is not being indirect. He describes the purpose of each social network under discussion. His remarks are specific and not indirect. For that reason the word allude is not appropriate either. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You30 Baseball IdiomsThrew and Through

Strategic management and leadership (Royal Dutch Shell plc) Essay

Strategic management and leadership (Royal Dutch Shell plc) - Essay Example Before assessing a business performance indicator, it is important to delve into the ambiance so that a causal analysis may be put forward. This is called understanding the environment. It helps in establishing what-leads-to-what in a more objective way. Royal Dutch Shell p.l.c like all other multinationals is prone to such variable. According to Ben Van Beurden, CEO Shell, 2013-2014 remains tumultuous years for the company (Ben, 2014). The main variables that were held responsible for swerving performance of the company were related to law and order of their business countries. The operating environments which Royal Dutch Shell p.l.c had to face were confronted by deteriorating security situation. Citing Asia and Africa the CEO outlined that a depression was seen lower demand and an oversupply of global refining capacity. 2013 was the year which performed below the potential company has. Lack of competitiveness in capital efficiency and day to day operational performance was seen, as acknowledged by Ben in 2014 CEO Review note. The strategy in theory remains robust and calls for a change in focus only. Ben is of the view that improving cash flow performance and returns must be taken as challenge so that company’s strategy may emerge as sure success (Jeong, 2014). To an answer to how, Ben states that focus should be kept on: Dismal performance in 2012 and 2013 brought a paradigm shift in company’s plans for divestment and new acquisitions. This does not mean that Royal Dutch Shell p.l.c has not been able to perform at all. It means that company is gearing up to realign itself with current market forces and business environments. An abrupt response to the performance in 2012-13 has proven maturity of the company’s leadership. In 2013, earnings fell from $27 billion to $17 billion, and the net cash flow from operating activities went down from $46

Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Process - Essay Example Picking the correct restaurant is the first step in a dining program in Korea. There are different speciality restaurants in Korea; all have different types of foods and serving habits. Check the restaurant’s name or advertisements before entering the restaurant. The selection of the hotel/restaurant must be taken only based on your eating habits. Most of the restaurants have their names indicating their speciality of foods serving there. It may be a difficult decision for you; but select the restaurant properly; otherwise you will not get the proper food which you are looking for and will be disappointed later. After selecting the hotel/restaurant, the second step is making sure that you order only one or two kinds of food. This is because of the fact that the Koreans serve wide variety of foods even if you order only one or two kinds of foods. Most of the single orders accompanied with more than ten kinds of appetizers to everyone; which means if you order more things, the varieties of foods you are getting will be more than what you can consume. This will result in lot of wastages in food items you purchased. Third, order only one meal less than what you actually require. This is because the size or volume of the food will be more that what you have anticipated. It is not possible for a single person to eat all the foods provided for a single order. So if your group consist of four members, order only for three which will be more than enough. If your group consist of eight members, order only for 6 members. Same way you can plan the number of foods based on the number of members in your group. You are not wasting any foods and at the same time you can save a substantial amount of money also by ordering less number of foods. To conclude, while taking foods in Korea, you have to select the proper restaurant first based on your choice of food; then order

Religious Expression's relation to ancient cultures through Greek and Essay

Religious Expression's relation to ancient cultures through Greek and Roman times - Essay Example II. Roman Temple Cultus (150 words) The temple cultus of Rome was what drove Roman society. Romans were expected to make sacrifices to the temple court on a regular basis, and no one was exempt—from the very wealthy to the very poor. However, early Christianity started to rise up in popularity. The Christians refused to pay sacrifices to the temple cultus, claiming that they only served one god alone. According to Hauer and Young (1998), â€Å"On one point devout Christians were obdurate in their resistance to Roman policy. This was teh cult of the divine emperor†¦The cult of the emperor was more popular in the provinces than in Rome itself [and the divine kingship in the eastern Mediterranean† (pp. 338). This was the beginning of the end of divine rule in Rome, as Christianity was spreading like wildfire. It is certain that the rituals that the Christians developed were based on traditions already in place. III. Pre-Christian Tradition in Rome (300 words) Early Ch ristianity was basically based on Judaism as well as Roman religious tradition. Everything from the Lord’s Supper (which was basically consisting of bread and wine)—to providing sacrifices for Jehovah or Yahweh—were rituals based on both Roman and Jewish tradition. While the Eucharist was based on a Jewish tradition, Roman love-feasts were also the basis for the Lord’s Supper. People got together in secret burial societies and had feasts, committing each other to themselves in order to ensure that after their deaths they would be properly buried. These burial societies were the precursors of early Christian tradition. It was only with the appearance of the early church fathers that these Jewish and Roman customs were totally extracted from Christian tradition, and new religious meanings were associated with the Lord’s Supper. In lieu of the Jewish tradition of celebrating in the mikveh ceremonies, the practice was renamed baptism and was required o f all Christian converts. There were so many traditions that were borrowed from Judeo-Roman religious tradition that many Christians are not even aware of these traditions. It is necessary for Christians to realize that Christianity indeed was a sprout forth from Judaism, and, indirectly, a branch of Judaism. The only difference was that Christianity declared Jesus not only their prophet, but the son of God, Yahweh—also known as Jehovah in some circles, depending upon one whether one used the Hebrew or the Greek translation. Even though the language of Jesus was Aramaic, many of Jesus’s followers were indeed Jewish before realizing that following Jesus meant converting into a Christian—which was a new way of life and unfettered by all the rules of Pharisaic Judaism. Indeed, it is true that the several traditions that still continue today in Christianity are evocative of religious Jewish and Roman tradition. IV. Greek Gods (200 words) Greek gods were frequently w orshipped in the Greco-Roman Empire as well. Since the histories of both Greece and Rome are so intertwined, some of their religious traditions overlapped. According to Newsom and Ringe (1998)â€Å"Many cities honored one particular god or goddess as primary, such as the worship of Artemis at Ephesus, but also honored other deities as well. Judaism acknowledged only one deity, Yahweh, the God of Israel†¦

Moral Frameworks of Terrorists

Moral Frameworks of Terrorists This paper discusses, with reference to two examples, whether terrorists can appeal to a consistent moral framework. Terrorism can be, and indeed, most usually is defined in the literature, as a strategy of violence that is designed to promote a desired outcome through instilling fear in the public at large. There are, however, disagreements amongst many academics, from political science, law and human rights analysts, as to the definition of terrorism that should be used in practice, as some academics argue that the motives that fuel some terrorists are politically valid. The definition of terrorism currently in use by the UN is, â€Å"any act†¦intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organisation to do, or abstain from doing, any act.† (Annan, 2005). Regardless of the particular definition of terrorism that is employed, terrorist acts are generally defined through their violence, the psychological impact of the act, the political goal of the act and the fact that they are usually perpetrated against civilians, or non-combatants. Obviously, as a result of these factors, terrorism is regarded, everywhere, as unlawful and an illegitimate means of achieving the ends that are sought, but as the famous saying goes, â€Å"one man’s terrorism is another man’s freedom fighter†. Recent events have brought this to the fore, with the war in Afghanistan bringing back many memories for the United States government, who supported the Afghan Mujahideen as ‘freedom fighters’ during the United States war with the Soviet Union, but recently, the United States government branding breakaway Afghan groups as terrorists, and launching a war in Afghanistan to stop them in their terrorist acts. Nelson Mandela, ex-Preside nt of South Africa, and Nobel Laureate, was once branded a terrorist and was imprisoned for decades for his terrorist acts; a definition for terrorism, and the word terrorist thus seems to be flexible, depending on the political context and the aims that are trying to be achieved by the people supporting the country in which the terrorist is present. What is certain, however, is that the people committing the stated acts of terrorism wholly believe in what they are fighting to achieve, and, as such, construct some sort of moral framework to justify their actions and their beliefs. This paper is interested in how and why these frameworks are constructed and whether terrorists can ever appeal to a consistent moral framework for their actions. As Bandura (1990) argues, terrorists are able to morally disengage through many psychological routes, and, as such, it is a societal responsibility to ensure civilised conduct through social systems which uphold compassionate behaviour and which denounce, and renounce, cruelty in any form. As Bandura (1990) argues, moral standards do not function as fixed internal regulators of conduct, but rather, self-regulatory mechanisms do not engage until they are activated, and there are many ways in which these regulatory mechanisms can be disengaged, allowing the emergence of different types of conduct with the same moral standards. Bandura (1990) further argues that political diversity and the toleration of public expressions of scepticism create the conditions that allow the emergence of challenges to suspect moral appeals, such that if societies are to safeguard against the occurrence of terrorism, they must establish social safeguards against the misuse of institutional justificatory pow ers for ends which are exploitative and destructive. As such, Bandura (1990) seems to be arguing that it is the fault of the state, which has not ensured a proper, functioning, framework for the non-appearance of terrorism, which allows terrorism to grow, not that terrorists themselves are at fault. This type of argument does not require an appeal to moral consistency or moral frameworks on the part of the terrorist, but rather argues that terrorists are a product of a dysfunctional society, which is responsible for the appearance of terrorists. Further to this, Atram (2006) concludes that suicide terrorism cannot be explained by a single political root cause, such as the presence of foreign military forces or the absence of democracy, as other factors such as psychological motivations, or religious inspirations can also contribute to the desire to undertake terrorist acts. As Atram (2006) argues, any simplistic accounts of terrorism, why it happens and what leads people to become terrorists, are bound to failure as terrorists have underlying moral values and group dynamics which are complex themselves and also intertwined in a complex manner. Only when these root causes are fully understood by decision-makers will organisational and ideological solutions that could defuse the threat of terrorism be found (Atram, 2006). As such, as Atram (2006) argues, terrorists have a consistent moral framework within which they work, allowing them to unilaterally act, in concert, to achieve their ends. There have been many terrorist acts in recent history, including the Munich massacre in 1972, during the Olympic Games, bombing of flights including Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, gas attacks in Tokyo, bombing campaigns in Ireland by the IRA, the 9/11 attacks on the United States and, following this, the Bali bombings, the London and Madrid bombings. Terrorism is a tactic that has been used for a long time to achieve political ends, but it has recently come to the fore through the massive loss of life in the 9/11 bombings, and the subsequent wars, as this was an attack against the currently most powerful nation on Earth, on home soil, killing thousands of innocents. Terrorism, as a political tool, has therefore come to be used almost as a daily term, in the media, by academics, in family homes, and, indeed, the populace is scared, perhaps by hyper coverage of terrorism in the media, perhaps by the attacks themselves, but, for whatever reason, the populace is scared, and so the ter rorists are winning, under the definitions of terrorism which have been discussed herein. The current paper will discuss two examples of terrorist groups in order to assess the moral framework to which they adhere, to assess whether this framework is consistent, and, if, indeed, it can ever be argued that terrorists can appeal to a consistent moral framework. Colombia has been involved in what is termed an ‘armed struggle’ for the past four decades, since the death of Gaitan in the 1960s, when the FARC and the ELN were founded, ironically, as a call to stop La Violencia which had begun following Gaitan’s death. At this time, these two guerrilla groups campaigned for peace, for free elections and for the return of a leftist government. The FARC and the ELN have, however, in recent decades, become embroiled in the drugs trade, gaining money through the drugs trade in order to fund their ‘war’ on the Colombian government, and their fight for peace in Colombia. In response to this, it is known that the current administration funded paramilitary groups to fight against the guerrillas[1], although the paramilitary groups have themselves become embroiled in the drugs trade and are known to have committed acts of terrorism against civilians and non-combatants, such that there is now a war between the guerrillas an d the paramilitaries. Thus, the situation in Colombia is extremely complex. FARC and ELN guerrillas began with the stated aim of returning Colombia to peace, through the instigation of free elections, seeking a solid political end to La Violencia. Their moral framework was just that: a moral framework through which they were seeking to return Colombia to some semblance of normality. However, as we have seen, and because it is so easy, in a country where it is so difficult to earn a living any other way, the guerrilla groups became embroiled in the drugs trade, and, as such, their moral framework for committing terrorist acts has changed, and indeed, the way in which they commit their terrorist acts has changed, with IRA terrorists training the guerrillas in bombing tactics, and these being used on Colombian military targets, unfortunately to great effect, with the concomitant loss of many lives. Thus, the Colombian case is extremely complex, with guerrilla groups starting out with mainly political aims, b ut with these same groups now largely fighting to retain control of their share of the drugs trade, causing armed combat between members of these guerrilla groups and government-backed paramilitaries whenever they come in to contact. Thus, the FARC and the ELN, although they started out as political terrorists are now seen as groups which use their skills to dominate the drugs trade, through the taking of national territory and the submission of hundreds of thousands of farmers in the regions in which they hold territory. The moral framework that these terrorist groups adhere to has, therefore, firstly, radically changed over the period of activity, and has taken a far less ‘helpful’ turn, in terms of terrorising a whole country and causing problems for Colombia in terms of international relations, economic development and human rights issues. The FARC and ELN, if they adhere to any framework at all, for their actions, certainly cannot argue that this framework is in any way moral and it certainly has not been consistent. As such, for these groups of terrorists, who literally hold a country to ransom, there can be no argument of a consistent moral framework that is in place, and there can be no argum ent for the existence of any consistent moral framework for the human rights abuses they cause and the economic and political havoc they create for Colombia. The next terrorist group we shall look at is the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) of Peru, which was formed as a political guerrilla group, in response to Peru’s military dictatorship, with the stated aim of achieving free elections within Peru and placing a communist party in control of Peru, through the Pensamiento Gonzalo ideology (named after the thinking of Guzman, the Shining Path’s leader). The Shining Path took to violent means as a way of achieving its stated aims, and, indeed, is known to be responsible for some of the worst massacres in Peruvian history, with Peru’s human rights record being atrocious, on account of the atrocities committed by the Shining Path. The Shining Path seized control of large areas of Peru, but their communist ideas were never popular with the Peruvian populace, and so their guerrilla war began to lose support and its base began to falter. The Shining Path support fell dramatically following Guzman’s capture in 1992, and the capture of his successor several years later, with its successor movement, Proseguir, having very few supporters and arguing mainly for the release of former Shining Path members. In terms of the moral framework of the Shining Path, their aims were very clear and political in scope, although the situation was complicated as Fujimori, the Peruvian Prime Minister at the time, branded anyone who spoke against the government a terrorist (see Burt, 2006). Even though the Shining Path were obviously terrorists who, it has been proven, were responsible for many civilian deaths, the Shining Path had a consistent moral framework to which they subscribed and which dictated their actions: the installation of communism within Peru. This framework was the reason for the establishment of the group, and was consistent across the time during which the Shining Path was active within Peru. Thus, in this guerrilla group, unlike in the guerrilla groups active in Colombia, the moral framework for the Shining Path’s actions was very clear and fixed, and consistent across the history of the Shining Path. We have therefore discussed two cases, of three guerrilla groups, two in Colombia, one in Peru, two of which (the FARC and the ELN) have evolved in their ideology and moral framework as they moved through time, and one of which (the Shining Path) had a consistent moral framework in place for their actions, which informed, supported and dictated their actions in terms of achieving their stated aims (i.e., the installation of communism within Peru). Thus, terrorists, and terrorist groups, as we have seen in the case of the FARC and ELN, can evolve and change, in terms of their aims and their objectives, and the means used to achieve these aims. As such, their moral frameworks also change and move with the new orientation. Under this analysis, it is implicit that terrorists have a moral conscience, that although this moral conscience allows them to commit acts that are considered terrorist acts by society, they do have a moral conscience, and one that can be called upon to support their objectives and their aims, and which can be used as a way of justifying any terrorist acts that they commit. As we have seen, as Atram (2006) concludes, the emergence of terrorism cannot be explained by a single political root cause, such as the presence of foreign military forces or the absence of democracy, as other factors such as psychological motivations, or religious inspirations can also contribute to the desire to undertake terrorist acts. As Atram (2006) argues, any simplistic accounts of terrorism, why it happens and what leads people to become terrorists, are bound to failure as terrorists have underlying moral values and group dynamics which are complex themselves and also intertwined in a complex manner. On ly when these root causes are fully understood by decision-makers will organisational and ideological solutions that could defuse the threat of terrorism be found (Atram, 2006). As such, as Atram (2006) argues, terrorists have a consistent moral framework within which they work, allowing them to unilaterally act, in concert, to achieve their ends. Thus, the FARC and the ELN, and the Shining Path, although, as we have seen, they have, and continue to, commit terrorist acts, they can call upon a moral framework for these acts, in terms of having justifiable reasons for their objectives and aims, and the way in which these objectives are achieved, such that these acts are perpetuated under what they consider to be a moral framework. That the rest of society does not see this framework as moral, under normal societal definitions of moral, is beyond them, beyond their understanding for, as Bandura (1990) argues, moral standards do not function as fixed internal regulators of conduct, but rather, self-regulatory mechanisms do not engage until they are activated, and there are many ways in which these regulatory mechanisms can be disengaged, allowing the emergence of different types of conduct with the same moral standards. This paper has discussed the issue of whether terrorists can appeal to a consistent moral framework. As we have seen, there are many definitions of terrorism in use in the literature, as there are disagreements as to the definition of terrorism[2], as some academics argue that the motives that fuel some terrorists are politically valid. Indeed, ‘terrorist’ and ‘terrorism’ seem to have been, and be, somewhat flexible terms, depending on the political affiliation of the terrorist/terrorist act; many people would call the acts committed by the Israeli’s against the Palestinians, for example, terrorist acts, but these seem to be supported by the United States government, as Israel is currently one of the highest recipients of United States foreign aid. Similarly, as we have seen, Nelson Mandela, ex-President of South Africa, and Nobel Laureate, was once branded a terrorist and was imprisoned for decades for his terrorist acts; a definition for terrorism, and the word terrorist thus seems to be flexible, depending on the political context and the aims that are trying to be achieved by the people supporting the country in which the terrorist is present. Although the word ‘terrorist’ and the term ‘terrorism’ are open to interpretation, by politicians, and under international law, as we have seen[3], terrorists do subscribe to what they consider to be a moral framework for their objectives, and to support their acts to achieve these objectives. As we have seen from the two examples used here, these moral frameworks can stay static throughout the history of the terrorist group (as with the Shining Path) or can change over time in response to external factors or political events (as with the FARC and the ELN). Thus, the issue of whether terrorists can appeal to a consistent moral framework, I will argue, is valid: indeed, although this framework may be seen as amoral by the rest of society, the terrorist defines their objectives as moral, under a moral framework, which for them is consistent in terms of leading to desired objectives. Whether this framework is consistent across time is a matter for discussion, f or, as we have seen, some terrorist groups find their objectives changing with shifting external circumstances, and, as such, their framework, whilst remaining internally morally consistent, in terms of the objectives, is not externally consistent over time. As Atram (2006) argues, terrorists have a consistent moral framework within which they work, allowing them to unilaterally act, in concert, to achieve their ends: it is this framework which allows them to function, as a unit, in order to achieve their aims and objectives. References Annan, K., 2005. Larger Freedom. Speech given to the United Nations at the Security Council Meeting on 17th March 2005. Atram, S., 2006. The moral logic and growth of suicide terrorism. The Washington Quarterly 29(2), pp.127-147. Bandura, A., 1990. Mechanisms of moral disengagement. In Reich, W. (ed.), Origins of terrorism: psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind (pp.161-191). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burt, J-M., 2006. Quien habla es terrorista: the political use of fear in Fujimori’s Peru. Latin American Research Review 41(3), pp.32-62. Saul, B., 2006. Two justifications for terrorism: a moral legal response. Foreign Policy in Focus, FPIF Policy Report. January 10th 2006. Available from http://www.fpif.org/pdf/papers/0601justifications.pdf Accessed on 30th April 2007. 1 Footnotes [1] As part of their efforts to secure, and retain, money from the United States, through their War on Drugs programme. [2] Although, as we have seen, the definition of terrorism currently in use by the UN is, â€Å"any act†¦intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organisation to do, or abstain from doing, any act.† (Annan, 2005). This definition is also used by the International Criminal Court, and by most human rights lawyers who are involved in prosecuting terrorist acts. [3] with, as we have seen, for example, the war in Afghanistan bringing back many memories for the United States government, who supported the Afghan Mujahideen as ‘freedom fighters’ during the United States war with the Soviet Union, but recently, the United States government branding breakaway Afghan groups as terrorists, and launching a war in Afghanistan to stop them in their terrorist acts.